No abstract

We investigated the peripheral demyelination in transgenic mice with peripheral neuropathy and the effect of adiposederived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (ADSCs) transplantation on the ultrastructural features of the sciatic nerve in these mice. The B6.Cg-Tg(PMP22)C3Fbas/J transgenic mice with peripheral neuropathy were injected intramuscularly with ADSCs, which were isolated from the adipose tissue of FVB-Cg-Tg(GFPU) mice transgenic by GFP. For ultrastructural analysis, tissue fixation in animals was performed by transcardiac perfusion-fixation with 4% formaldehyde solution and 2.5% glutaraldehyde solution 16 weeks after transplantation. Electron microscopic examination of fibers of the sciatic nerve in the transgenic mice with peripheral neuropathy showed that many axons in this nerve were subjected to dys- and demyelination; the so-called onion bulb-like structures were observed. In some fibers, hypertrophy of myelin sheaths was found. In general, ultrastructural modifications in the sciatic nerve of the transgenic mice were rather similar to the pathomorphological pattern observed in patients with peripheral neuropathy. At 16 weeks after ADSC transplantation, in the sciatic nerve in mice with peripheral neuropathy thickening of the myelin sheath and increasing of the number of lamellae were observed. Thus, ADSC transplantation in mice with hereditary peripheral neuropathy has a protective effect on the ultrastructural features of the sciatic nerve and inhibits the process of axon demyelination.

Brain inflammation is a key event triggering the pathological process associated with many neurodegenerative diseases. Current personalized medicine and translational research in neurodegenerative diseases focus on adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), because they are patient-specific, thereby reducing the risk of immune rejection. ASCs have been shown to exert a therapeutic effect following transplantation in animal models of neuroinflammation. However, the mechanisms by which transplanted ASCs promote cell survival and/or functional recovery are not fully understood. We investigated the effects of ASCs in in vivo and in vitro lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammatory models. Brain damage was evaluated immunohistochemically using specific antibody markers of microglia, astroglia and oligodendrocytes. ASCs were used for intracerebral transplantation, as well as for non-contact co-culture with brain slices. In both in vivo and in vitro models, we found that LPS caused micro- and astroglial activation and oligodendrocyte degradation, whereas the presence of ASCs significantly reduced the damaging effects. It should be noted that the observed ASCs protection in a non-contact co-culture suggested that this effect was due to humoral factors via ASC-released biomodulatory molecules. However, further clinical studies are required to establish the therapeutic mechanisms of ASCs, and optimize their use as a part of a personalized medicine strategy.

Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is a form of white matter lesions of the brain that results from hypoxic-ischemic injury and/or inflammation of nervous tissue, and is one of the causes of cerebral palsy. On PVL models in vivo, we have demonstrated neuroprotective effect of transplantation of adipose-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MMSCs). However, the mechanisms, which realize neuroprotective effect of transplanted MMSCs, remain unexplored.The aim was to assess the influence of adipose-derived MMSCs on cultured mouse brain slices at their contact co-culturing on PVL models in vitro.Methods. Periventricular leukomalacia in vitro was modelled by a 30-minute oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) of mouse brain slices, followed by the addition of 100 ng/ml LPS in culture medium. For co-cultivation we used adipose-derived MMSCs obtained from mice FVB-Cg-Tg (GFPU) 5Nagy/J, transgenic for green fluorescent protein (GFP). The viability of cultured sections cells was evaluated by analysing the level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the culture medium. Probable MMSCs differentiation into neurons and glial cells was studied using immunohistochemical staining of slices using specific antibodies to neurons and oligodendrocytes (NeuN and Oligodendrocytes, respectively).Results. Modelling of PVL in vitro on organotypic culture of brain slices led to a significant increase in level of cytosolic enzyme LDH in the culture medium. Co-cultivation of slices with MMSCs at PVL reduced the amount of this enzyme. Furthermore, it is shown that under conditions of PVL in vitro, MMSCs are able to differentiate into cells of nervous tissue.Conclusions. Adipose-derived MMSCs have protective effect when they are co-cultivated with the mice brain slices on PVL model in vitro.

Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MMSCs) demonstrated a measurable therapeutic effect following transplantation into animal models of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), brain white-matter degeneration for PVL model in vitro (PVLmiv) subjecting cultures to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This approach allowed us to simulate important pathogenic factors both responsible for PVL, hypoxic-ischemic component and inflammation. Based on the cell viability and the glial reaction, we evaluated distant effects of MMSCs on brain slices with PVLmiv in the non-contact co-culture. Cell viability was assessed by the measurement of cytoplasmic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) released into the culture medium. Glial reaction in the periventricular regions of slices was analyzed immunochistochemically using specific antibodies to glial markers of oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and microglia (Rip, respectively