The study substantiates the need to apply methods of economic and mathematical modelling of optimization of the production process of enterprises of the agrarian complex. The key elements of the various stages of development and construction of an economic and mathematical model of agricultural enterprises’ production resources that optimizes resource reserves for resource identification, judicious resource use, and enhancement of economic activity efficiency are taken into consideration. The proposed model may be used to analyze and discover resource potential reserves for businesses with any kind of ownership, as well as to identify elements of strategies to increase the economic activity of both the business as a whole and its individual units. The findings confirm that the employment of economic and mathematical approaches is efficient in evaluating agricultural firms’ resource potential as well as the optimization of raw materials, output, and sales. The process of modelling the activities of agricultural enterprises makes it possible to respond quickly to changes in demand for marketable products and make scientifically sound management decisions regarding the planning of production of its various types in order to maximize profits. Confirmation of the result is that the use of economic and mathematical methods is effective in assessing not only the resource potential of agricultural enterprises, but also the optimization of raw materials, production and sales. The process of modelling the activities of agricultural enterprises makes it possible to respond quickly to changes in demand for marketable products and make scientifically sound management decisions regarding the planning of production of its various types in order to maximize profits.