BACKGROUNDPalpable breast lumps are a common occurrence in women all over the world. The prevalence of non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions varies from region to region. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) is a rapid, minimally invasive, reliable and relatively simple diagnostic method. We wanted to study the frequencies of different lesions in FNAC of breast lump in our region and to observe cyto-histological correlation wherever possible. METHODSA two years prospective study was carried out in the department of pathology, RIMS, Imphal during the period January 2016 -December 2017. A total of 434 cases of breast lesions were encountered during this period. RESULTSOf the total 434 cases infectious/inflammatory lesions were 100 (23.1%), benign 268 (61.7%), malignant 40 (9.2%), suspicious for malignancy 02 (0.5%), unsatisfactory 18 (4.1%), and others 6 (1.4%). The most frequent infectious/inflammatory lesion was acute mastitis in 50 (11.5%) followed by sub-areolar abscess in 17 (3.9%) and fat necrosis in 17 (3.9%). Fibroadenoma in 142 (32.7%) cases was the most common benign breast lesion followed by benign proliferative breast lesion without atypia 14 (22.1%). Among the malignant, 39 (9%) cases were carcinoma and one case (0.2%) was lymphoma. Mean age of presentation was 32.82 years. Most commonly involved age group was 21-30 years and right breast was more commonly involved. Cytohistological correlation was done in 41 cases and 35 benign and 6 malignant cases diagnosed cytologically were confirmed by histology, though there were cases with variable diagnosis. So, in differenting benign from malignant lesions, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value was 100%. CONCLUSIONSFNAC is a reliable and rapid diagnostic tool in the workup of breast lesions. It also helps in differentiating between benign and malignant breast lesions and plays an important role in management of the patient. KEYWORDSFNAC, Breast lump, Neoplastic HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Das KK, Khuraijam SD, Khuraijam S, et al. Cytological spectrum of female breast lesions in a tertiary centre: a two years study.

Diagnosis of inflammatory diseases is characterized by identifying symptoms, biomarkers, and imaging. However, conventional techniques lack the sensitivities and specificities to detect disease early. Here, it is demonstrated that the detection of macrophage phenotypes, from inflammatory M1 to alternatively activated M2 macrophages, corresponding to the disease state can be used to predict the prognosis of various diseases. Activatable nanoreporters that can longitudinally detect the presence of the enzyme Arginase 1, a hallmark of M2 macrophages, and nitric oxide, a hallmark of M1 macrophages are engineered, in real‐time. Specifically, an M2 nanoreporter enables the early imaging of the progression of breast cancer as predicted by selectively detecting M2 macrophages in tumors. The M1 nanoreporter enables real‐time imaging of the subcutaneous inflammatory response that rises from a local lipopolysccharide (LPS) administration. Finally, the M1‐M2 dual nanoreporter is evaluated in a muscle injury model, where an initial inflammatory response is monitored by imaging M1 macrophages at the site of inflammation, followed by a resolution phase monitored by the imaging of infiltrated M2 macrophages involved in matrix regeneration and wound healing. It is anticipated that this set of macrophage nanoreporters may be utilized for early diagnosis and longitudinal monitoring of inflammatory responses in various disease models.

Molecular subtypes of breast carcinoma and its relation with clinicopathological features: A single centre initial experience. Background: Breast carcinoma is the most common malignancy in female in the world. They are a group of heterogenous diseases with diverse clinical, morphological and gene expression profile. Molecular subtyping of histological types of breast carcinomas based on the expression receptors estrogen receptors (ER), progesterone receptors (PR), HER2 neu and Ki67 act as a surrogate marker for gene expression profiling. This helps in specific prognostic and predictive targeted therapy. Objective: Identification of various molecular subtypes and correlate with the clinicopathological parameters. Methods: This cross sectional study comprising of thirty four cases is conducted at Department of Pathology, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal during a period of three years from August 2016 to July 2019. The histomorphological diagnosis and clinical parameters are correlated with immunohistochemical findings for ER, PR, Her2 Neu and Ki 67. Statistical analysis done by chi square test. Results: The commonest histological type is invasive carcinoma of no special type (88.2%). After molecular sub typing, Luminal B type (LUMB) is the most common type (38.2%). LUMA type found to be associated with smaller tumor size, grade 1-2 and seen mainly in 6rd and 7th decade of life. LUMB and Her-2 Neu enriched, triple negative type commonly associated with larger tumor size, grade 2-3 and seen in 4th to 6th decade of life. Conclusion: Some differences in clinicopathological profile of the molecular subtypes from other studies seen. A larger multicentric study with genetic analysis will help in understanding the disease pattern in our area helping in targeted and personalized treatment.

Background: Malignancy of the lung has been rising steadily worldwide and exact sub typing has become a necessity for targeted therapy. FNAC alone has its limitations in sub categorization of lung malignancy because of lack of architecture. Cell block preparation from FNAC material with immunohistochemistry panel would supplement the FNAC nding. Objectives: To determine the utility of cell block study using immunostains (TTF 1, Napsin A, p40 and Chromogranin A) in corroborating the ndings of FNAC in the study of malignant lung lesions. Materials and methods: A hospital based cross sectional study was done on the FNAC sample from lung masses followed by cell block study and immunohistochemical staining for (CHROMOGRANIN A, NAPSIN A, p40, TTF1). Data was analyzed using IBM SPSS statistics version 21 Software. Results: A total of 32 (54.2%) cases were found malignant and 27 (47.3%) cases were found benign. A total 59 cell block were prepared from 32 cases positive for malignancy (PFM) and 27 cases negative for malignancy(NFM). After cell block and immunohistochemical studies, 2 benign lesion were recategorized as malignant and 3 malignant cases recategorized as benign lesion. There was a substantial agreement found between FNAC diagnosis and IHC diagnosis as in both cases the kappa value (฀ coefcient) were found to be 0.747 (between 0.61 - 0.80). Conclusion: The cell block from the aspirated material revealed further architectural and immunohistochemical features which not only conrmed the FNAC diagnosis but helped to recategorize 2 benign and 3 malignant lesion.