Understanding dynamics across phase transformations and the spatial distribution of minerals in the lower mantle is crucial for a comprehensive model of the evolution of the Earth’s interior. Using the multigrain crystallography technique (MGC) with synchrotron x-rays at pressures of 30 GPa in a laser-heated diamond anvil cell to study the formation of bridgmanite [(Mg,Fe)SiO3] and ferropericlase [(Mg,Fe)O], we report an interconnected network of a smaller grained ferropericlase, a configuration that has been implicated in slab stagnation and plume deflection in the upper part of the lower mantle. Furthermore, we isolated individual crystal orientations with grain-scale resolution, provide estimates on stress evolutions on the grain scale, and report {110} twinning in an iron-depleted bridgmanite, a mechanism that appears to aid stress relaxation during grain growth and likely contributes to the lack of any appreciable seismic anisotropy in the upper portion of the lower mantle.

Introduction Accurate, patient-centered evaluation of physical function in patients with cancer can provide important information on the functional impacts experienced by patients both from the disease and its treatment. Increasingly, digital health technology is facilitating and providing new ways to measure symptoms and function. There is a need to characterize the longitudinal measurement characteristics of physical function assessments, including clinician reported physical function (ClinRo), patient-reported physical function (PRO), performance outcome tests (PerfO) and wearable data, to inform regulatory and clinical decision making in cancer clinical trials and oncology practice. Methods and analysis In this prospective study, we are enrolling 200 English- and/or Spanish-speaking patients with breast cancer or lymphoma seen at Mayo Clinic or Yale University who will receive standard of care intravenous cytotoxic chemotherapy. Physical function assessments will be obtained longitudinally using multiple assessment modalities. Participants will be followed for 9 months using a patient-centered health data aggregating platform that consolidates study questionnaires, electronic health record data, and activity and sleep data from a wearable. Data analysis will focus on understanding variability, sensitivity, and meaningful changes across the included physical function assessments and evaluating their relationship to key clinical outcomes. Additionally, the feasibility of multi-modal physical function data collection in real world patients with cancer will be assessed, as will patient impressions of the usability and acceptability of the wearable sensor, data aggregation platform, and PROs. Ethics and dissemination This study has received approval from IRBs at Mayo Clinic, Yale University, and the U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Results will be made available to participants, funders, the research community, and the public.

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The equations of state and band-gap closures for PbCl 2 and SnCl 2 were studied using both experimental and theoretical methods. We measured the volume of both materials to a maximum pressure of 70 GPa using synchrotron-based angle-dispersive powder x-ray diffraction. The lattice parameters for both compounds showed anomalous changes between 16-32 GPa, providing evidence of a phase transition from the cotunnite structure to the related Co 2 Si structure, in contrast to the postcotunnite structure as previously suggested. First-principles calculations confirm this finding and predict a second phase transition to a Co 2 Si-like structure between 75-110 GPa in PbCl 2 and 60-75 GPa in SnCl 2 . Band gaps were measured under compression to ∼70 GPa for PbCl 2 and ∼66 GPa for SnCl 2 and calculated up to 200 GPa for PbCl 2 and 120 GPa for SnCl 2 .W efi n da n excellent agreement between our experimental and theoretical results when using the Heyd-Scuseria-Ernzerhof (HSE06) hybrid functional, which suggests that this functional could reliably be used to calculate the band gap of similar AX 2 compounds. Experimental and calculated band-gap results show discontinuous decreases in the band gap corresponding to phase changes to higher-coordinated crystal structures, giving insight into the relationship between interatomic geometry and metallicity.