Narcolepsy patients experience a markedly higher lucid dreaming frequency compared to controls, and many patients report a positive impact of dream lucidity on the distress experienced from nightmares.

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Voluntary sleep restriction is a common phenomenon in industrialized societies aiming to increase time spent awake and thus productivity. We explored how restricting sleep to a radically polyphasic schedule affects neural, cognitive, and endocrine characteristics. Ten young healthy participants were restricted to one 30-min nap opportunity at the end of every 4 hours (i.e., 6 sleep episodes per 24 hours) without any extended core sleep window, which resulted in a cumulative sleep amount of just 2 hours per day (i.e., ~20 min per bout). All but one participant terminated this schedule during the first three weeks. The remaining participant (a 25-year-old male) succeeded to adhere to a polyphasic schedule for 5 weeks with no apparent impairments in cognitive and psychiatric measures except for psychomotor vigilance. While in-blood cortisol or melatonin release pattern and amounts were unaltered by the polyphasic as compared to monophasic sleep, growth hormone seemed almost entirely abolished (>95% decrease), with the residual release showing a considerably changed polyphasic secretional pattern. While coarse sleep structure appeared intact during polyphasic sleep, REM sleep showed decreased oscillatory and increased aperiodic EEG activity compared to monophasic sleep. Considering the decreased vigilance, abolished growth hormone release, and neurophysiological changes observed, it is doubtful that radically polyphasic sleep schedules can subserve the different functions of sleep to a sufficient degree.

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