This research aims to develop a reliable machine for grinding the seashells in order to be used as cheap source of calcium supplements in poultry feed formulations. The developed mill was fabricated locally in Egypt based on the theory of grinding hammers that included a special fabricated roughness hammer knives. It is powered by a 40 hp electrical motor that could be driven through merged inverter to control its speed and load. The performance of the developed mill was evaluated under three experimental variables including; three different drum speeds (S) of 26, 39 and 52 m/sec (1000, 1500 and 2000 rpm); three concave hole dia. levels of 5, 10 and 20 mm; and three feed rate levels of 20, 40 and 60 kg/min. The performance evaluation of the mill included four measuring parameters namely: the particle size distribution (fineness degree FD, %); the machine productivity (P), the consumed electrical energy (EC); and the machine operating costs (C).The obtained results revealed that: the best fineness degree (FD), % could be achieved during setting the highest grinding speed of 52 m/sec (2000 rpm) at sieve diameter (D) 20 mm and feed rate (F) 60 kg/min, which produces the most needed diameters fits poultry supplements. However the optimum value of the machine productivity (P) was (3.30 ton/h) for the same setting .As well, the specific energy consumed (EC) was decreased from (15.93 to 5.08 kWh/ton) by increasing the drum speed from 26 to 52 m/sec and also increasing both feed rates from (20 to 60 kg/min)and sieve diameters from (5 to 20 mm). Whereas, the minimum operating cost, (C) was (12.20 L.E/ton) by increasing the grinding drum speed to 52 m/sec for the inlet feeding rate of 40 kg/min and 20 mm sieve diameter.

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Grading fish into groups of similar individual sizes is a common management practice in fish farming. Grading has several advantages: reducing fish losses through cannibalism, improving supplementary feeding efficiency through adequate food ration, increasing the accuracy of stock estimates for monitoring, reducing the proportion of small fish at harvest of fattening ponds and increasing production, for example by increasing the proportion of faster growing males in tilapia ponds. The aim can be achieved by the some objectives (easing of harvesting fish, decreasing of harvesting time fish and decreasing of harvesting costs). All experiments were carried out at different combinations of water speed (0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 m/s), grading sieve depth (50, 70 and 90 cm) and grading sieve holes area (12, 20 and 28 cm2). In each experiment, a test was carried out in Manzala Lake to determine the dead fish ratio, grading efficiency and fuel consumption rate. The experimental results revealed the following: 1-Increasing water speed decreased grading efficiency and increased both dead fish ratio and fuel consumption rate. 2-Increasing grading sieve depth decreased dead fish ratio and increased both grading efficiency and fuel consumption rate. 3-Increasing grading sieve holes area decreased dead fish ratio and increased both grading efficiency and fuel consumption rate.

Twelve adult Rahmany rams 62.4kg of body weight and 3 years of age were used in this study , with aimed to overcome oxalic acid in sugar beet vein silage and to estimating the effects of oxalic acid residual on rumen microorganisms activities. The animals were randomly divided into four groups , assigned to four digestion trials. The experimental rations were50%concentrate feed mixture(CFM)+50% roughage as berseem hay for control or one of sugar beet top silages either, untreated (USBS),chemical treated(CSBS) or biochemical(B-CSBS), for second , third and fourth rations respectively .Trials were conducted and lasted for 22 days .The results of chemical composition for tested ingredients and calculated chemical composition of the consumed rations fed by adult Rahmany rams reveals' that the B-CSBS was higher of CP and NFE, while the CF and Ash had lower values when compared with control and USBS groups, however the means of cell wall constituents of experimental diets indicated that the B-CSBS silage had the lowest contents of neutral detergent fiber (NDF),acid detergent fiber(ADF),acid detergent lignin(ADL),hemicelluloses and cellulose. on the other side ,the data of oxalic acid was clearly that the chemical and biochemical sugar beet tops silages were lower of oxalic acid than those of untreated sugar beet tops .The digestibility of B-CSBS was higher in OM ,CP, EE and NFE compared with CSBS, USBS and control diet . At the same time the USBS was significantly higher (p<0.05) for NDF, ADF, ADL, cellulose and Hemicellulose than other tested groups. while feed intake of USBS was significantly (P<0.05)higher compared with other groups and the values were ranged between 2316-2952g / h /d dry matter. Ruminal TVFA were significant higher (p<0.05) of acetic, butrtate and iso-biotrate for USBS group compared with the other tested groups, whereas propionate and valerate were significantly lower (p<0.05) for the same treatments in this respect .The highest values of total celluolytic bacterial, total bacterial and total protozoal count were obtained at 3 hrs post feeding of USBS was significantly (P<0.05) lower. While the rumen nitrogen in both of chemical and biochemical treated sugar beet top silage caused increase of NPN in rumen, however, total nitrogen of B-CSBS was significantly(P<0.05)higher at 3 and 6 hrs post feeding compared with other experimental groups..

This work was designed to process sugar beet by-products treated and untreated on form of silage and trying to overcome harmful oxalic acid as anti nutritional factor to improving of sugar beet top by ensiling either untreated or treated sugar beet top by supplemented with calcium carbonate as chemical treated (CSBS) or calcium carbonate+ pro biotic as biochemical treated (Biochemical) .Four digestion trials were carried out using three rams in each .The animals were nearly equal in body weight 62.4±0.7 kg, and fed the experimental diets according to NRC(1990). group 1 fed 50% pellets+50% clover hay (CH) as a control , group 2 , 3 and 4 were fed 50% pellets+50% one of different types of silages .The effect of replacing clover hay by different types of treated or untreated sugar beet tops silage on DM intake, Digestion coefficient, nutritive values, nitrogen balance were studded. Also hematological parameters of white blood cells (WBC′s) packed cells volume (PCV %) were also determined. The results indicated that both of chemical and biochemical treated silage were excellent have a firm texture, good smell, free from sign of mold, dust smells caramelized and tobacco or vinegar. All silages had a normal of pH (3.98-4.11) with the superiority of those biochemical treated silage 4.58. The over all mean of TVFAs ranged between (5.44-7.29) ml mol / 100ml, being higher for treated silages. Biochemical treated silage recorded the least concentration of NH3-N (16.67gm/100gm) .The fast rate of pH decline with untreated silage, whereas the Biochemical treated silage was remained unspoiled and markedly improved aerobic stability of silage. Data showed that nitrogen balance are the best within B-CSBS than all tested treatments. The ensiling of sugar beet tops with additives depressed the presence of anti-nutrition factors. also results clearly that rams fed on treated ensiled were increased significantly (p< 0.05) the digestibility of OM ,CP,CF,NDF and ADL and improved significantly (p<0.05) TDN and DCP values. Ensilage of sugar beet tops with Biochemical had high advantages , improved the aerobic stability of silage and participate in feeding animals and minimize such problems of disposal pollution .