Water quality analysis involves analysis of physio-chemical, biological and microbiological parameters that reflect the abiotic and biotic status of ecosystems. This assessment facilitates planning for the utilization, antipollution and conservation strategies for sustainable use of aquatic ecosystem. Many mathematical models are available for predicting water quality. They have complex structures and require detailed information about sources and receptors, which are difficult and noneconomical. Difficulties in applying mathematical models promote the application of alternative approaches for data-driven techniques for analysis of the results.The present study focuses on water quality predictions for the Gangapur Reservoir for a 30 days in advance scenario, using genetic programming (GP) and least square support vector machines (LS-SVMs). A data period of 11 years (2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011) of Gangapur Reservoir temporal water quality was evaluated. The data were taken from a single sampling point representing climatological, hydrological and surface water quality measurements. One of the most important steps in application of data-driven technique is selection of significant input parameters. Genetic programming equations were used for selecting significant input parameters. These significant input parameters are used for 30 days advance predictions of faecal coliform. A performance analysis of GP and LS-SVM models was carried out with the help of coefficient of determination, root-mean-square error and correlation coefficient. In the absence of availability of data, a typical situation for Indian case studies, the model runs were conducted with the use of available parameters. The developed models, along with their performance indicators, also are discussed.

We want to present an extensive work on physico chemical parameters of water samples of Mula river at Pune (Maharashtra). Water samples under investigations were collected from Khadkwasla dam to Sangam Bridge during pre monsoon (April May2016) monsoon (July-August2016) and post monsoon (October-November2016) seasons. The observed values of different physico parameters like pH, DO, BOD, COD, Chloride, Nitrate, Sulphate, Calcium, Magnesium and Hardness, etc. of samples were compared with standard values recommended by world health organization (WHO). The Mula-Mutha River water in Pune had deteriorated in quality. Its biological oxygen demand, an indicator of organic pollution, has risen to over 30 mg/l, more than ten times t permissible limits for bathing. Municipal Corporation is currently supplying water sufficient for the projected population. More water means more sewage, beyond the quantum its sewage treatment plants can treat. As a result there is greater pollution loads discharged in to the Mula-Mutha, two rivers that confluence within city limits and serve to flush away Pune's excreta. All the physico-chemical parameters for pre monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon seasons are within the highest desirable or maximum permissible limit set by WHO except some of the parameters like DO, BOD,COD, chloride, calcium, magnesium and hardness.

The present work deals with the study of Chloride concentration of Nira River in the year 2016. Fresh water is essential to existence of life. Acceptable quality water is essential not only for drinking and domestic purposes but also for agriculture, industrial and commercial uses. Chloride occurs naturally in all types of water. In natural fresh water, the concentration is quite low. The important source of chloride in the water is the discharge of domestic sewage. Chlorides are highly soluble in water so they do not get precipitate and cannot be removed by biological treatment of water. If the amount of chloride is beyond the permissible limit then it can corrode by extracting calcium in the form of calcide. Here in the present work the amount of chloride observed is within the permissible limit for Nira river.

Background: Emergency contraception (EC) is on-demand contraception that has the potential to avoid millions of unintended pregnancies. The understanding and awareness of young doctors towards EC, who may be the society's rst point of contact, has not been thoroughly researched. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the information and awareness of young doctors at a teaching institute in West India. Methodology: This cross sectional, questionnaire based study took place in a medical college in west India. Participants were undergraduate medical students who were given a pre-designed self administered 22 items questionnaire and data was collected. Observation: In our study, majority of students (98%) were aware of ECPs but only 29% knew the mechanism of action of the pill. More than 70% students had knowledge about UPT, USG, prescription, efcacy in relation to ECP. 90% students had positive attitude towards it. Students had moderate knowledge about Conclusion: ECPs but the usage is very low. Students should be educated about emergency contraception, with a focus on indication, usage, side effects of ECPs since they are bridge between the general population and healthcare

Calcium is one of the important parameter for all the organisms which regulates the various physiological functions. The calcium ions along with magnesium ions contribute to the total hardness of water. Rivers generally contain 1-2 ppm calcium, but in some areas river may contain near about 100 ppm or more % of calcium concentrations depending upon the surroundings and addition of the foreign bodies into the river water. To calculate the concentration of calcium in the present study of Neera river water, samples were collected and analyzed from eight sampling stations in the year 2018-2019. In the present work calcium concentration is having high range at some sampling stations in summer season.