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BACKGROUND: Information about the chemical composition of tooth root cement is limited, although it can contribute to clarifying the mechanisms of tooth root surface caries development and in improving methods of its treatment and prevention. AIM: This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition of cement in intact teeth and in teeth with root caries in adults of different age groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The average Ca, P, and Ca/P-coefficient in the cement of the intact teeth and in the caries of the root was obtained, and a tendency toward a decrease in the total mineralization of the cement in the caries of the root was also found. RESULTS: In adults experiencing hyperesthesia of hard dental tissues, regardless of age and sex, the morphological picture is similar and is determined by pathological changes of carious and non-carious origin in tooth tissues that cause hyperesthesia. CONCLUSIONS: Moderate and severe hyperesthesia of the hard tissues of the adult teeth results in a decrease in the level of mineralization in the enamel, dentin, as well as in cement relative to the intact teeth.