Fenomena curling jarang dijumpai dan dibahas pada perilaku keruntuhan sambungan pelat baja hot-rolled yang relatif tebal, tetapi menjadi fenomena biasa pada perilaku keruntuhan sambungan pelat baja cold-formed yang relatif tipis (Cornell 1954; Roger-Hancock 2000; AISI 2001; Wallace et.al 2001). Jadi ketika pada uji tarik sambungan pelat hot-rolled yang relatif tebal (Dewobroto, 2009) dijumpai adanya curling dan mekanisme keruntuhan akhir memperlihatkan distorsi sambungan, yang berbeda dengan bentuk-bentuk mekanisme keruntuhan sambungan yang ada (Vinnakota, 2006), maka hal itu tentu patut dipertanyakan. Permasalahan yang akan diungkap, yaitu: (1) apa yang menyebabkan timbulnya curling; (2) apakah itu menjadi penyebab terjadinya distorsi pada sambungan; (3) bagaimanakah strategi untuk mengatasinya. Makalah ini menyajikan hasil penelitian numerik yang mencoba menjawab pertanyaan tersebut, sekaligus dapat menjelaskan dampak positip memakai ketentuan jumlah baut minimum pada sambungan lap (geser) dengan konfigurasi tertentu, yang ternyata secara efektif dapat menjadi mencegah distorsi sambungan sehubungan dengan adanya efek curling tersebut. Kata-kata Kunci: Curling, baut mutu tinggi; sambungan lap (lap-joint), perilaku keruntuhan.
Results of an experimental investigation on the effect of fly ash content, water cement (w/c) ratio of concrete prepared and cured at temperatures of ambience, 40°C and 60°C are presented in this paper. The mechanical properties investigated here include its workability, its behaviour under compression and splitting tension. Microscopic investigations were also carried out using SEM micrographic images to gain understanding of concrete at its microstructural level.The results indicate that high temperature increases early compressive strengths of concrete, but has decreasing effects on the strengths at later ages. The use of fly ash in concretes cast and cured at elevated temperatures improves the physical and mechanical properties of fresh as well as those of hardened concrete.Various mathematical models describing the properties of such concretes are considered at the end of this paper. The strength properties of high temperature fly ash concrete were best represented by a simple exponential function of time, while its stress-strain relationship could be best described by an exponential function of strain of a more complicated form.
An experimental study was conducted to investigate the effect of web opening dimension on the behavior of reinforced concrete hybrid deep T-beam subjected to pure torsion. Four reinforced concrete hybrid deep T-beams were tested under pure torsion, where the three beams with different dimension of circular web opening and the other beam without opening as a reference beam. The testing program and experimental results are presented. The results show that dimension of circular web opening with diameter more than 100 mm significantly reduces the cracking and ultimate torque. It is also shown that the angle of crack inclination with respect to the longitudinal axis of the beam increases with the increase of web opening dimension.
Paper ini menyajikan pemodelan retak pada struktur beton bertulang dengan menggunakan nonlinear finite element. Pemodelan retak yang digunakan dalam studi ini adalah discrete crack untuk mensimulasikan diskontinuitas regangan. Discrete crack dimasukkan ke dalam struktur ketika tegangan utama tarik pada titik nodal telah mencapai kuat tarik beton. Penerapan discrete crack ini hanya dilakukan jika hasil kombinasi tegangan didominasi oleh tegangan normal tarik. Meskipun demikian, jika tegangan utama tarik pada Gauss point telah melampaui tegangan tarik beton, retak diperlakukan sebagai retak tersebar dengan merubah perilaku material dari isotropik menjadi orthotropik. Untuk menggambarkan arah dan pola retak retak yang benar, pemasukan discrete crack ke dalam struktur tidak hanya dilakukan dengan melakukan pemisahan titik nodal yang tegangannya telah mencapai kuat tarik beton, tapi juga merotasi retak ke arah tegak lurus terhadap arah tegangan utama tarik dan menggeser titik nodal di ujung retak sejauh perambatan retaknya. Beberapa benda uji dengan kasus yang berbeda yaitu Beam J4 (Burns and Siess 1962), Beam OA (Bresler dan Scordelis 1963) dan Beam A4 (Ahmad et al. 1986). dianalisis untuk memvalidasi model. Model ini bukan hanya mampu menunjukkan bahwa respon struktur dari model sangat mendekati hasil pengujian eksperimental, tapi juga dapat menggambarkan pola retak yang benar. Kata-kata Kunci: Discrete crack, smeared crack, finite element, respon struktur, pola retak, pemisahan titik nodal, perubahan topologi.
This paper presents an analytical study to predict the torsional behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) hybrid deep T-beam with opening and to compare to the experimental results. The RC hybrid deep T-beam was cast with normal weight concrete web and light weight concrete flanges. Based on the Softened Truss Model and Bredt's theory, a new equation was derived and proposed to show the relationship between compression strut of light weight concrete and normal weight concrete. Based on the experimental results of cracking angles and curvature equation of light weight concrete and normal weight concrete, a new equation was also proposed to show the relationship between strain diagram of light weight concrete and normal weight concrete. The analytical results show that the prediction of maximum torque capacity of the beams are close to the experimental results, except the prediction of twist angle which are larger than the experimental results.
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