Mycoherbicides are exclusive biotechnology products which offer a non-chemical solution to control noxious weeds on the land as well as aquatic in systems, viz a viz saving environment from hazardous impact of synthetic chemicals. The present paper highlights the mycobiota associated with Eichhornia crassipes infesting Harike wetland area of Punjab and evaluation of their pathogenic potential for futuristic application as a mycoherbicide. Of the 20 isolates tested by leaf detached assay and whole plant bioassays, only one isolate (#8 BJSSL) caused 100% damage to E. crassipes. Further, the culture filtrate of this isolate also exhibited a similar damage to the leaves in an in vitro detached leaf assay. The potential isolate was identified as Phaeoacremonium italicum using classical and modern molecular methods. This is the first report of P. italicum as a pathogen of E. crassipes and of its potential use as a biological control agent for the management of water hyacinth.

AbstractͶAs a case study, An Automated Teller Machine (ATM) is a safety-critical and real time system. According to requirements of ATM system we have different machine state status, and four different operations: Withdrawal, Deposit, Transfer, and Inquiry. A key part of early design phases are specifications, which span from requirement, to functional, to design, specifications. This paper describes the conceptual and formal models of the ATM. The formal model of the ATM is specified by using formal specification language. We have used the proper specification language i.e. Z notation. For writing the Z-schemas and the notations we have used the Z-word tool. Which support almost all Z symbols are on the Z-Palette. This model is finally checked using Z/EVES toolset. Therefore this paper attempts to formalize an event-based automation system using formal specification method.