AIM:To evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of a hydroalcoholic extract of the bark of Anogeissus latifolia ; in vitro in primary rat hepatocyte monolayer culture and in vivo in the liver of Wistar rats intoxicated by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). METHODS:In the in vitro study, a primary hepatocyte monolayer culture was treated with CCl4 and extract of Anogeissus latifolia . Hepatoprotective activity was demonstrated in the CCl4 damaged primary monolayer culture. In the in vivo study, the hepatoprotective activity of a hydroalcoholic extract of Anogeissus latifolia was analyzed in liver injured CCl4-treated rats. Biochemical parameters including serum transaminases [aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)] and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in serum were analyzed. The biochemical findings were supplemented with histopathological examination of rat liver sections.

Introduction: Hypertension is a progressive cardiovascular condition arising from complex aetiologies. Progression is strongly associated with functional and structural abnormalities that lead to multi-organ dysfunction. Stroke and myocardial infarction are two of the major complications of hypertension in India. Various anti-hypertensive drugs, such as calcium channel blockers (CCBs), beta-blockers, diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, have been the medications of choice for disease management and are known to be effective in reducing the complications of hypertension. CCBs, such as amlodipine, are also currently being used and proven to be effective, although their beneficial effects in the management of complications of hypertension like stroke and myocardial infarction (MI) have yet to be proven. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effect of amlodipine on stroke and MI in hypertensive patients. Methods: A systematic search of English electronic databases was performed for studies with sufficient statistical power that were published between 2000 andl 30 August 2020, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria. A total of 676 papers were screened, and 13 were found eligible to be included in the meta-analysis. Studies that included patients who suffered from MI or stroke and were under amlodipine treatment were included in the analysis. The odds ratio and the risk ratio of amlodipine compared to active control/placebo were noted from the studies and statistically analyzed. Results: Amlodipine had a significant effect in reducing stroke and MI in hypertensive patients. Similar to results published in reports, this systematic review proved that the hazard ratio for amlodipine was \ 1 for stroke (0.69-1.04) and MI (0.77-0.98), showing that amlodipine accounted for better prevention of stroke and MI. Conclusion:In the pooled analysis of data from 12 randomised controlled trials and one double-

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System reliability is considered as an important performance index. Performance of engineering systems can be assessed by various techniques. The traditional analytical approach consists of developing a mathematical model that represents the system and to evaluate its reliability indices. There have been attempts in the literature to derive more realistic approaches for the reliability analysis of systems, for example, based on simulations. This paper proposes a hybrid approach called Markov System Dynamics (MSD) approach which combines the Markov approach with system dynamics simulation approach for performing a reliability analysis and for studying the dynamic behavior of systems. This approach will have the advantages of both the methodologies that of Markov processes as well as system dynamics. The proposed framework is illustrated by a numerical example for a single component system with increasing failure rates. The results of the simulation when compared with those obtained by the traditional Markov analysis clearly validate the Markov System Dynamics (MSD) approach as an alternative for reliability analysis.