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Wpływ warunków termicznych procesu pirolizy na jakość biowęgli otrzymanych z odpadów roślinnychAn effective way of managing natural waste, including waste from the agri-food industry or products that are economically useful can be offered by production of biochar. Biochar is used not only as an energy product, but also as a sorption material for e.g. groundwater treatment, sewage treatment, as well as biogas valorization. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the effect of the conditions of cascade heating of selected types of vegetable waste in carbon dioxide on the microstructure and chemical composition of the obtained biochar. Wheat straw, corn waste in the form of dried leaves and stems, as well as flax shives and cherry stones were subjected to pyrolysis. Cascading temperature conditions were programmed for a total time of 100 minutes, including 15 minutes of final heating at 500°C in one variant and at 700°C in the other. After final heating, the products were left in the pyrolytic chamber to cool down spontaneously to room temperature. The biochar samples were next subjected to microscopic examinations coupled with X-ray microanalysis (SEM/EDS) and infrared spectral examination (FTIR). It was found that the pyrolysis yielded biochar in the amount from 26 to 32.3% of the initial charge mass, depending on the conditions of the process and the type of waste. Furthermore, the differences observed in the chemical structure of the surface of the biochar concerned mainly the occurrence of organic oxygen functional groups whose type depends on the pyrolysis temperature. An increase in the temperature of pyrolysis leads to a decrease in the oxygen content of the products obtained, which results in a relative increase in the proportion of char in the product. Biochar obtained at temperatures of up to 500°C contains aromatic rings and quinone groups, whereas those obtained at higher temperatures (up to 700°C) have ether groups embedded mainly in aliphatic cyclic groups.

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The authors present the results of own research on the application of biofuels and depolymers and their mixtures with diesel fuel and the influence of this type of fueling on the exhaust emissions against standard fuel. The authors have observed that the application of bio-depolymer fuel (BIO+DEP)/20 does not deteriorate the engine operating parameters particularly in medium engine loads and speeds. The reduction of the PM emission generated by the diesel engines caused by the investigated bio-components and fuel depolymers occurs due to a reduction of the share of the INSOL fraction in the total mass of the emitted PM. The change in the combustion process when fueled with (BIO+DEP)/20 (caused by the compensative influence of the viscosity, density and an increase in CN in particular) also results in a reduction of the exhaust emissions of the outstanding exhaust components.