The structure of the paranasal sinuses (PNS) is characterized by pronounced variability and largely depends on the state of the intranasal architectonics, the violation of which may be a predisposing factor for the development of sinusitis. Leading among the disturbances in the architectonics of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx are the nasal septum deviation (NSD), concha bullosa (CB), hypertrophy of the inferior turbinates and pharyngeal tonsil. This review presents an analysis of modern data on the influence of the architectonics of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx on the development of PNS and the formation of inflammatory processes in them. Sources of information - databases Medline, Pubmed, Cochrane, E-library from 2004 to 2019. The search was carried out by keywords. Criteria for inclusion of articles in the review: assessment of multispiral computed tomography of SNP of patients in axial and coronary projections, presence of a control group, sample size of more than 50 people. In the presented review, it is noted that types 3 and 5 of DNP according to the classification of R. Mladina, along with contralateral CB and adenoids, can be predictors of the development of sinusitis. Information about the side of sinusitis formation in relation to the direction of the deformity of the nasal septum, about the effect of other violations of the architectonics of the nasal cavity on sinusitis and the size of the SNP remains controversial. The reasons for the contradictions are the use of different classifications of DNP, the underestimation of the complexes of anatomical anomalies and the mechanisms of aerodynamics of the sinuses, which determine the greater dependence of the volume and ventilation of the sinuses on expiration than on inspiration. Taking these positions into account, the question of the influence of the architectonics of the nasal cavity on the development of the paranasal sinuses and the formation of the inflammatory process in them requires further study.

В статье описаны основные защитные механизмы слизистой оболочки респираторного тракта (эпителиальный барьер, мукоцилиарный клиренс, антимикробные пептиды, иммуноглобулин А, микробиота), которые препятствуют проникновению возбудителей респираторных инфекций. За-медляют работу мукоцилиарного транспорта низкая влажность вдыхаемого воздуха и слизистой оболочки, а также такие лекарственные веще-ства, как бензалкония хлорид, нафазолин, масляные капли, вяжущие препараты. Ускоряют работу реснитчатого эпителия карбоцистеин, макро-лиды, сальбутамол, солевые растворы. Особенностями детей грудного возраста являются недоразвитие кавернозной ткани в полости носа, не-умение дышать ртом при заложенности носа, присутствие разнообразной, в том числе кишечной, микрофлоры при рините. Особенностью течения ринита у детей раннего возраста часто является отсутствие жидкого секрета в носу, а шумное затрудненное дыхание обусловлено сухими короч-ками скопившегося секрета в задних отделах носовой полости, которые практически не удаляются аспирацией. Эти особенности обусловливают низкую эффективность деконгестантов при лечении ринита, которые к тому же могут приводить к нежелательным побочным эффектам: тахикар-дии, заторможенности, коме. Поддержание факторов защиты полости носа в нормальном состоянии играет важную роль в предотвращении ост-рой респираторной вирусной инфекции у детей раннего возраста. Этому способствует влажность окружающей среды, которую можно обеспечить применением специальных увлажнителей воздуха, а также орошением полости носа маленьких детей солевыми растворами. В статье описаны цели, показания и способы ирригационной терапии для профилактики и лечения ринита у грудных детей. Ключевые слова: новорожденные, ринит, дети грудного возраста, ирригационная терапия, гигиена полости носа. Для цитирования: Субботина М.В. Ирригационная терапия в лечении и профилактике патологии полости носа у детей раннего возраста. Педиат-рия. Consilium Medicum. 2020; 2: 50–55. DOI: 10.26442/26586630.2020.2.200217

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of vocal cord length on vocal range in aspiring vocalists. On the basis of the Frederic Chopin Irkutsk Regional College of Music. 141 student vocalists (18 ± 3.6 years, 122 girls) underwent indirect laryngoscopy, the length of the vocal folds was measured using an ultrasound scan of the larynx using an Aloka SSD 500 apparatus with a 5 MHz sensor during breathing and during phonation of the lowest and highest tones, measured weight and height, the voice range in Hz and the number of semitones were assessed. Spearman’s correlation coefficient was calculated, the significance of differences according to the U-Mann – Whitney and Wilcoxon criteria was calculated using the Statistica 10.0 software (reliable data at p <0.05*). Results. Spearman’s correlation coefficient was: between the length of the vocal folds and weight + 0.52*, height + 0.43*, gender + 0.45* (female 1, male 2), the lowest tone –0.34*, between height and the lowest tone is –0.23*. The range of the voice in arbitrary units and Hz correlated weakly with the length of the folds during breathing (-0.18/–0.24*, respectively), with the lowest pitch (+ 0.42/+ 0.59 *), but there was a high correlation with the highest (+ 0.88/+ 0.99*). The latter depended on: the length of the vocal folds at rest (–0.32*), weight (–0.25*), gender (–0.45*), the length of the folds during high-pitched phonation (–0.6*). Differences in the length of the vocal folds during breathing in female vocalists with different vocal ranges were not significant, while in males and females (soprano) they were significant. The length of the fold during phonation in all types of voices was shorter than during breathing. The voice range of novice vocalists was increased mainly by high tones in parallel with the shortening of folds during phonation, which could be measured using ultrasound scanning and which is achieved by training.

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The article continues a series of publications based on the results of a long-term research project of the Sociology Chair of the RUDN University, which combines research and methodological study of the self-identification of Russian students in terms of happiness. At the current stage, two new ‘dimensions’ were added to the project: first, the contextualization of questions about happiness by the concept and elements of social justice (as its ‘external determinant’); second, ‘measuring’ the images of a happy/unhappy person with the projective technique (unfinished sentences) and taking into account social ideas about justice/injustice. Being limited by the size of the article, the authors focus on the second ‘dimension’ - identify the possibilities and limitations of the unfinished-sentences technique as a means for validating the results of the project rather than a means for starting it. The structure of the article contributes to the solution of this task: in the first, introductory part, the author set the research problem as determined by the self-diagnostic mania of the contemporary society (in terms of the level of happiness) and the attempts to classify the factors of happiness; the second part presents the main stages of the project and its conclusions based on the results of the surveys (on the sample of the RUDN University students and on the all-Russian representative online panel); the third, main part presents the results of the unfinished-sentences technique application, which were obtained with the simplest content-analytical coding of the elementary endings. The authors reconstructed a single-type structure of images of a happy/unhappy person (in the context of factors determining such ‘statuses’) and of justice/injustice (taking into account their characteristics) - the core, the near periphery and the far periphery, which differ in their semantic ‘volumes’ and evaluation trends.