Background: Hypocalcemia is still a common post-operative consequence following total thyroidectomy, generating potentially serious symptoms and concern in patients and lengthening hospital stays. This study was conducted to evaluate the risk factors for post-operative hypocalcemia after thyroid surgery.Methods: In this study, 60 patients who underwent thyroidectomy were included. Patients with concomitant lymph node dissection and hypocalcemia were excluded from the study. Serial serum calcium measures were taken and information about the operation, such as the patient's age and gender, whether the inferior thyroid artery was ligated or not, and the pathological report.Results: In 60 patients, 17 patients were had post-operative hypocalcemia. 3 in 5 patients (60%) with Hashimoto thyroiditis had hypocalcemia, followed by toxic multinodular goiter (MNG) (37.5%), thyroid adenomas (33.33%) and Graves’ disease (33.33%) had hypocalcemia after thyroidectomy.Conclusions: To conclude, hypocalcemia is a common side effect of total thyroid surgery, and it is caused by the unintentional removal of parathyroid glands or injury or spasm of the blood arteries that supply them.

Background: Choledocholithiasis implies stones in the common bile duct (CBD). Most of the common bile duct stones are those that have passed into the bile duct from the gall bladder. About 20 to 25% of patients above the age of 60 with symptomatic gall stones are likely to have stones in the CBD. To analyse the role of ERCP and MRCP in the management of choledocholithiasis.Methods: About 60 patients who are attending the General Surgery OPD of Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital, Madras Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India from the October 2017-March 2018 were included in the study with confirmed common bile duct stones with or without gall stones were chosen. patients were categorized into group A- who has undergone a successful ERCP followed by laparoscopic cholecystectomy and group B- who underwent open cholecystectomy with CBD exploration.Results: Ultrasonography was done in 57 patients, of which 41 patients showed CBD stones (71.93%), 12 patients showed dilated CBD in the presence of cholelithiasis (21.05%) and in the remaining 4 patients (7.01%) this investigation showed only cholelithiasis. Since clinical condition warranted, authors proceeded with further hepatobiliary imaging, which revealed choledocholithiasis.Conclusions: Magnetic resonance cholangio pancreatography can also be used for follow up of the patients with choledocholithiasis after therapy, to look for the presence of retained stones, since it can detect stones even in the size as small as 2 mm. Selective use of intraoperative choledochoscopy in suspected cases helps in reducing the incidence of retained stones.

Background: Acute intestinal blockage (AIO) is a common abdominal emergency with a high morbidity and mortality rate. Early blockage diagnosis, skilled operative management, correct technique during surgery and intense postoperative therapy yield superior results. The aim was to study the aetiology, clinical presentation, therapy and outcomes of patients with IO who presented in the emergency department.Methods: This prospective study was conducted at the general surgery department from June 2019 to May 2021. The study comprised 60 patients with IO who presented to the OPD or emergency room and the data was analysed.Results: Among 60 patients with IO, peak incidence was observed in patients above 50 years of age, predominantly among males. Abdominal pain turned out to be the most common symptom of IO in our patients. Patients obstructed in the small intestine were found to be predominant. Post-operative adhesions were the most common cause of IO.Conclusions: Early diagnosis, proper preoperative hydration, fast investigations, and early operational intervention were found to increase survival in patients with intestinal obstruction in the current study.