In nonruminants, thyroid hormone responsive (THRSP) is a crucial protein for cellular de novo lipogenesis. However, the role of THRSP in regulating the synthesis of milk fatty acid composition in goat mammary gland remains unknown. In the present study, we compared gene expression of THRSP among different goat tissues. Results revealed that THRSP had the highest expression in subcutaneous fat, and expression was higher during lactation compared with the dry period. Overexpression of THRSP upregulated the expression of fatty acid synthase (FASN), stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1 (SCD1), diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2), and glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAM) in goat mammary epithelial cells. In contrast, overexpression of THRSP led to downregulation of thrombospondin receptor (CD36) and had no effect on the expression of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase α (ACACA) and sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor1 (SREBF1). In addition, overexpressing THRSP in vitro resulted in a significant increase in triacylglycerol (TAG) concentration and the concentrations of C12:0 and C14:0. Taken together, these results highlight an important role of THRSP in regulating lipogenesis in goat mammary epithelial cells.

Carabrone is a promising botanical fungicidal agent that is environmentally friendly and can control plant diseases and reduce chemical fungicides in agricultural production.

Keratin-associated proteins 8.1 gene (KAP8.1) is a structural gene responsible for the cashmere. KAP8.1 protein contains high glycine and tyrosine, which concerns regulation and function of the matrix structure fiber. In this study, the polymorphism of KAP8.1 gene was detected by methods of aPCR-SSCP (asymmetric polymerase chain reaction single-strand conformation polymorphism) and DNA sequencing in 791 individuals from two breeds. The results showed that there were two mutations in this gene. The mutations were described as c.63 T>G and c.66 C>G, which would result in two synonymous mutations in KAP8.1 protein. The findings go against previous research, in which there was not polymorphism at KAP8.1 gene. The reasons might be that different cashmere breeds were detected in two studies. Further analysis of results leads us to believe that the polymorphism of KAP8.1 gene might be relevant to fiber diameter.

In this paper, we present an overview of the achievements accomplished to date in the field of computer-aided relief generation. We delineate the problem, classify different solutions, analyse similarities, investigate developments and review the approaches according to their particular relative strengths and weaknesses. Moreover, we describe remaining challenges and point out prospective extensions. In consequence, this survey is addressed to both researchers and artists, through providing valuable insights into the theory behind the different concepts in this field and augmenting the options available among the methods presented with regard to practical application.

Stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1 (SCD1) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of palmitoleic and oleic acid. Although the transcriptional regulatory mechanism of SCD1 via polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) has been extensively explored in nonruminants, the existence of such mechanism in ruminant mammary gland remains unknown. In this study, we used goat genomic DNA to clone and sequence a 1,713-bp fragment of the SCD1 5' flanking region. Deletion assays revealed a core region of the promoter located between -415 and -109 bp upstream of the transcription start site, and contained the highly conserved PUFA response region. An intact PUFA response region was required for the basal transcriptional activity of SCD1. Linoleic acid reduced endogenous expression of SCD1 and sterol regulatory element binding factor-1 (SREBF1) in goat mammary epithelial cells. Further analysis indicated that both the sterol response element (SRE) and the nuclear factor Y (NF-Y) binding site in the SCD1 promoter were responsible for the inhibition effect by linoleic acid, whereas the effect was abrogated once NF-Y was deleted. In addition, SRE and NF-Y were partly responsible for the transcriptional activation induced via the liver X receptor agonist T 4506585 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). When goat mammary epithelial cells were cultured with linoleic acid, addition of T 4506585 markedly increased SCD1 transcription in controls, but had no effect on cells with a deleted SRE promoter. These results demonstrated that linoleic acid can regulate SCD1 expression at the transcriptional level through SRE and NF-Y in a liver X receptor-dependent fashion in the goat mammary gland.