Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is a well-established technique for investigating the loss processes that take place in lithium-ion batteries with different characteristic time constants. Three-electrode setups are needed to separate the contributions of working electrode (WE) and counter electrode (CE), but often suffer from measurement artifacts. This paper is the second part of a two-part paper dealing with the roots of these distortions: (I) electrochemical and (II) geometric asymmetry. The first part presents a theoretical examination by FEM simulation and the second part details the corresponding real-world measurements. The simulation results were confirmed: electrochemical and geometric asymmetry lead to artifacts for point-like reference electrodes but not for mesh reference electrodes. The geometric characteristics of the mesh reference electrode are crucial (thin wire and an open weave are essential). Furthermore, a possible realization of a mesh reference electrode setup is presented, using an aluminum mesh coated with Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 powder as reference electrode. This combination was then validated by additional measurements in symmetric cells. Additionally, the benefits of using the proposed setup for recording quasi-equilibrium potential curves and for performing rate capability experiments are demonstrated. This Part II of the paper presents an experimental work, which validates the simulations of Part I. Part I presents the theory and results of FEM simulations on three-electrode cells, where the working electrode (WE), counter electrode (CE) and reference electrode (RE) differ by geometric characteristics and placement.Lithium-ion batteries receive ever-growing attention due to their potentially high energy and power densities, which would be essential for automotive applications. Electrodes with improved energy density are needed to increase vehicle ranges, but in practice only those with long lifetimes, good rate capability and a high safety level will be selected. Candidate materials are usually assessed by a combination of different electrochemical measurements, including capacity tests and impedance measurements.Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is well established for identifying dominant loss processes in electrodes, and across different time-scales.1 Such studies are usually performed in half-cell setups, using lithium metal as the counter electrode.2 However, this type of counter electrode often dominates the sum of impedance contributions and adds a stochastic component to the measurement data.3,4 To investigate the working electrode (WE) without influences from the counter electrode (CE), a three-electrode setup is necessary. This means that a third "reference" electrode (RE) is inserted into the cell, providing a constant reference potential by ensuring a constant lithium-ion activity. The setups for such measurements can be challenging and often lead to measurement errors. Several groups have already detected these errors and some possible solutions have bee...

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Inductive learning is a valuable tool for knowledge acquisition. We present a new, two-phase algorithm, Concept Agglomeration and Division of Attribute Space (CADIA), to overcome the drawbacks of conventional inductive approaches. Use of background knowledge is made by linking the attributes in a semantic net to model attributes being non-applicable to certain examples OT taking on default values. This, together with the ability to generate rules of exceptions makes CA-DIA a powerful tool.We present concepts learned by CADIA in a subdomain of CAM/CAT, planning automatic tests for printed circuit boards, and show their relevance to knowledge engineering. Results from CADIA can give important hints at poorly structured regions of domain knowledge which have to be revised by experts. For future research, we recommend comparative studies about a "bias towards knowledge engineering".