information regarding plant damage by insects in the past is essential to explore impacts of climate change on herbivory. We asked whether insect herbivory measured from herbarium specimens reflects the levels of herbivory occurring in nature at the time of herbarium sampling. We compared herbivory measurements between herbarium specimens collected by botany students and ecological samples collected simultaneously by the authors by a method that minimized unconscious biases, and asked herbarium curators to select one of two plant specimens, which differed in leaf damage, for their collections. Both collectors and curators generally preferred specimens with lesser leaf damage, but the strength of this preference varied among persons. In addition, the differences in measured leaf damage between ecological samples and herbarium specimens varied among plant species and increased with the increase in field herbivory. Consequently, leaf damage in herbarium specimens did not correlate with the actual level of herbivory. We conclude that studies of herbarium specimens produce biased information on past levels of herbivory, because leaf damage measured from herbarium specimens not only underestimates field herbivory, but it is not proportional to the level of damage occurring in nature due to multiple factors that cannot be controlled in data analysis.

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Цель исследования. Изучить влияние дренирования и применения пероральных антикоагулянтов для профилактики ВТЭО в постоперационном периоде на величину скрытой, общей кровопотери, а также оценить динамику показателей красной крови у пациентов после тотального эндопротезирования коленного сустава на фоне комплексной тромбопрофилактики. Проспективно в исследование были включены 200 больных идиопатическим гонартрозом III стадии. Пациенты были разделены на две группы в зависимости от дренирования послеоперационной раны. Внутри каждой группы были выделены подгруппы, отличающиеся по используемому антикоагулянту: дабигатрана этексилат (220 мг по 2 капсуле 1 раз в день) и ривароксабан (10 мг 1 раз в день). В ходе исследовании была выполнена оценка объемов кровопотерь у пациентов после эндопротезирования коленного сустава в зависимости от дренирования и принимаемого в послеоперационном периоде антикоагулянта. В целом в анализируемой выборке средняя продолжительность оперативного вмешательства составила 89,3 минуты (95% ДИ 50-140 (ДИ -доверительный интервал)), объем интраоперационной кровопотери -200 мл (95% ДИ 50-900), скрытой -320 мл (95% ДИ 0-920), общая -648 мл (95% ДИ 80-1690). Полученные данные показывают, что прямые оральные антикоагулянты -дабигатрана этексилат и ривароксабан -не различаются между собой по влиянию на объем послеоперационной кровопотери. Проведенный статистический анализ показал, что установка дренажа приводила к большему объему кровопотери. Таким образом, при первичном эндопротезировании предпочтительным является ведение пациентов без дренирования послеоперационной раны. Ключевые слова: дабигатрана этексилат, ривароксабан, дренаж, кровопотеря, коленный сустав, тотальное эндопротезирование. The aim of study To estimate how drainage and administration of oral anticoagulants for the purposes of prophylaxis VTEC in the post-operational period influence the amount of blood loss (both hidden and general), and to evaluate the dynamic of the blood values in patients after they were exposed to total knee arthroplasty at a time when they were undergoing complex tromboprophylaxis treatment. We have been prospectively monitoring 200 patients with idiopathic gonarthrosis disease stage 3. The patients were devided into two groups according to the drainage of post-operational wound. Each group was also devided into two subgroups which only had a difference in the anticoagulant they were administered: dabigatran etexilate (220 mg 2 capsules per day) and rivaroxaban (10 mg 1 per day). As a part of the study the evaluation of the amount of blood loss in patients after total knee arthroplasty depending on the type of drainage and the anticoagulant administered during post-operational perdiod has been made. On the whole the evaluation of analysis set has shown that the average duration of an operation was 89.3 minutes (95% CI 50-140), the amount of intraoperative blood loss amounted to 200 ml (95% CI 50-900), hidden blood loss -320 ml (95%CI 0-920), total blood loss -648 ml (95%CI 80-1690). The gathered data demonstrat...

Introduction. Analysis of the clinical and laboratory picture of the SARS-CoV-2 infection suggests the presence of microcirculation and oxygen transport disorders, hemolysis of erythrocytes, intra-alveolar fibrin formation and microthrombus formation in the patient’s pathogenesis. Accordingly, the search for potential anticoagulants, erythrocyte antiplatelet agents, membrane stabilizing drugs and mild thrombolytic drugs can prevent the development of life-threatening complications and reduce the mortality of COVID-19 patients.Aim. Isolation of formononetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside from the grass of Ononis arvensis L. and identification of the molecular mechanisms of its effect on platelet activation in vitro, induced by TRAP-6 (Thrombin receptor activated peptide) and ADP (adenosine diphosphate).Materials and methods. Terrestrial parts of Ononis arvensis L. were collected in the SPCPU nursery of medicinal plants (Leningrad region, Vsevolozhsky district, Priozerskoe highway, 38 km). Isolation of formononetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside was carried out by preparative high performance liquid chromatography on a Smartline device (Knauer, Germany) equipped with a spectrophotometric detector. The structure of formononetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside was confirmed by one-dimensional and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy (Bruker Avance III, 400 MHz, Germany), as well as high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS) (Bruker Micromass Q-TOF, Germany). The study of the effect of formononetin- 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside on induced platelet activation was carried out on human platelets isolated from the blood of healthy volunteers. To research the effect of formononetin-7-О-β-D-glucopyranoside on platelet aggregation flow cytofluorometry with Cyto-FLEX (Beckman-Coulter, USA) was used.Results and discussion. According to the method of fractionation and purification of the total extract of O. arvensis developed in previous studies, formononetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside was isolated in an individual form for subsequent biological studies with a total yield of 30 % in comparison with its content in the original extract. In samples with formononetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and ADP, there is a pronounced inhibition of platelet activation – the percentage of active platelets ranges from 6.3–6.6 % at doses of formononetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside 1 μM, 3 μM and 30 μM. The inhibitory effect of formononetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside is not dose-dependent (p ≤ 0.05). In samples with formononetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and TRAP, there is also a pronounced inhibition of platelet activation. The percentage of active platelets is 8 % at 1 μM formononetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside doses, 15 % at 3 μM doses, and 16 % at 30 μM doses.Conclusion. Administration of formononetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside at doses of 1 μM, 3 μM, 30 μM strongly inhibits platelet activation induced by ADP and TRAP-6. For ADP, there is no dose-dependent effect, while for TRAP there is a weak dose-dependent effect, the greatest inhibition efficiency is achieved with the minimum investigated dose of 1 μM. In all cases, the results obtained are statistically significant.