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A laboratory study was undertaken to regulate the release of zinc (Zn) to the soil-plant system using a nano-sized manganese hollow core shell. The manganese carbonate core was used as a template to produce hollow shells like capsules, using cationic and anionic charged polymer electrolytes through electrostatic interaction. After achieving the nano-dimension hollow shell, Zn was fortified by loading zinc sulfate (ZnSO 4 ). The hollow core shell was characterized using a particle size analyzer, Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) before and after loading of Zn. The characterization studies clearly indicated that the hollow core shell was successfully loaded with Zn to a level of 10%, and the presence of Zn was confirmed using Energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDAX). The sorption and desorption pattern of the Zn-loaded hollow core shell was examined using a percolation reactor. The results showed that the Zn-fortified core shell released Zn for more than 696 h while Zn release ceased after 408 h in ZnSO 4 -fertilized soil. These data indicated that the hollow core shell can be used to regulate Zn release. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants fertilized with a Zn-fortified core shell had a higher Zn uptake of 5.66 and 3.47 mg hill −1 under submerged and aerobic moisture regimes, respectively. The data suggest that the encapsulation of Zn using a manganese hollow core shell improves Zn use efficiency by rice while reducing the loss of nutrients and minimizing environmental pollution.

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The present work aims to investigates the native fluorescence and time resolved fluorescence spectroscopic characterization of oral tissues under UV excitation. The fluorescence emission spectra of oral tissues at 280 nm excitation were obtained. From the spectra, it was observed that the alteration in the biochemical and morphological changes present in tissues. Subsequently, the Full width at Half Maximum (FWHM) of every individual spectra of 20 normal and 40 malignant subjects were calculated. The student's t-test analysis reveals that the data were statistically significant (p = 0.001). The fluorescence excitation spectra at 350 nm emission of malignant tissues confirms the alteration in protein fluorescence with respect to normal counterpart. To quantify the observed spectral differences, the two ratio variables R1 = I275/I310 and R2 = I310/I328 were introduced in the excitation spectra. Among them, the Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) of R1 reveals better classification with 86.4 % specificity and 82.5 % sensitivity. The fluorescence decay kinetics of oral tissues was obtained at 350 nm emission and it was found that the decay kinetics was triple exponential. Then the ROC analysis of fractional amplitudes and component lifetime reveals that the average lifetime shows 77 % sensitivity and 70 % specificity with the cut off value 4.85 ns. Briefly, the average lifetime exhibits better statistical significance when compared to fractional amplitudes and component lifetimes.

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