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Abstract:The application of renewable energy sources poses the problems connected with output volatility. In order to decrease this effect the energy storage technologies can be applied, particularly fuel cells connected with hydrogen storage. In this paper the application of SOFC system for a household in Poland is proposed. Economic and technical analysis is performed. It was found that the proposed installation is profitable after 25 years of operation when compared with conventional solution -heat pumps and gas-fired boilers.

Abstract. In this work the environmental benefits in the atmospheric emissions after the implementation of 3,000 MW nuclear power plants were assessed and presented. To determine the quantity of avoided emissions of CO 2 , NO x , SO 2 and Hg compounds, harmonised stoichiometric combustion model dedicated to solid fuel fired power plant was created. To increase the credibility of the studies, future strict emission standards (Directive 2010/75/EU, BAT documents for LCP) were included as well. In conducted studies, representative samples of 3 different Polish solid fuels were examined (by comprehensive proximate and ultimate analysis) and used in assessment. It was proven that by the replacement of thermal solid fuel power plant by nuclear unit (with annual production rate of 22.4 TWh net) up to 16.4 million tonnes of lignite, 8.9 million tonnes of hard coal or 13.1 million tonnes of solid biomass can be saved. Further, for the case of lignite, the emission, at least, of 21.29 million tonnes of CO 2 (6.9% of all Polish emission in 2015), 1,610 tonnes of dust (0.4%), 16,102 tonnes of NO x (2.2%), 16,102 tonnes of SO 2 (2.0%) and 564 kg of mercury (5.9%) can be avoided. For selected hard coal, calculated emission savings were equal to 17.60 million tonnes of CO 2 (5.7%), 1,357 tonnes of dust (0.4%), 13,566 tonnes of NO x (1.9%), 13,566 tonnes of SO 2 (1.7%), 271 kg of mercury (2.9%), and for biomass -equal to 20.04 million tonnes of CO 2 (6.5%), 1,471 tonnes of dust (0.4%), 14,712 tonnes of NO x (2.0%), 14,712 tonnes of SO 2 (1.8%) and 294 kg of mercury (3.1%).

The winemaking sector generates considerable quantity of biodegradable waste, that may be used as a solid fuels in several combustion technologies. Importantly, the specificity of both material physicochemical properties and production periodicity of grape marc imposes some limitations in its utilization within power units. In the article issues concerning combustion and co-combustion with lignite and bituminous coals of grape residues from wine industry were presented and discussed. The grape pomace was identified and compared to other solid fuels on the basis of proximate and ultimate analysis. The physicochemical parameters proved, that winemaking residues are similar to more conventional types of solid biomass (wood, straw), however, they contain more nitrogen. That fact may lead to increased emissions of NO x , particularly unfavourable in the case of small heating systems. Moreover, grape pomace differed significantly from coals, therefore, when utilised in existing single coal-fired power station, it seems to be vital to limit its presence in fuel mixture to 5-10%. In subsequent parts of the paper, in order to assess the yield of winemaking residues, production ratios (per unit of manufactured wine) of this type of biomass were proposed (0.18-0.35 kg per 1 litre of wine) as well as the influence of the moisture content on their technical potential in heat generation. Finally, cogeneration unit supplied by grape pomace in two ways were identified and calculated in terms of the identification of both electricity and heat capacities per wine production unit.