В статье излагается обзор подходов, теорий и дискуссионных вопросов и проблем в области изучения экстремальной ситуации. Проводится многосторонний критический анализ различных определений экстремальной ситуации. Понятие экстремальности раскрывается в связи со смысловыми концепциями травмы, стресса, утраты, транзитности. Обосновывается авторская концепция, рассматривающая проблему экстремальности в метапсихологическом и онто­темпоральном горизонтах.

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"Various psychological reactions, found to traumatic distress, are widely known in psychological literature. Based on 30-years theoretical and empirical studies of extreme human experience, we suggested unconventional approach to differentiation of psychological reactions and human behavior in various extreme events into three groups:1) distress, disorganization, disorders, traumatization; 2) adaptation, hardiness, resilience; 3) personal growth, transgression (Magomed-Eminov M., 1998, 2007). The proposed research is devoted to the positive psychological consequences of COVID-19 disease. Our aim was to study the positive psychological influence of COVID-19 disease for lifestyle, behavior, communication, life relationships, and well-being of people, who were ill. We suggested and checked the hypothesis, that objectively serious COVID-19 disease, carrying uncertainty, confusion, horror, for many people discover also a heroism, pride, the experience of success because of coping with disease. We collected the narratives of people, who got COVID-19, and conducted content analysis. Our study showed that after being ill COVID-19 interviewed people discovered new meanings of existence, despite the loss of loved ones, socio-economic difficulties and other hardships of COVID- 19 pandemics. We conclude that COVID-19 disease as extreme situation not only becomes a test, but can also open up new perspectives, value of other people and of life in general."

Introduction There is increasing number of head and neck tumors. Modern medical technologies allow to save lives, but lead to cosmetic and functional defects. DSM-V clarifies that “life threatening illness or debilitating medical condition is not necessarily considered a traumatic event”. However, cancer diagnosis and treatment influence on mental health. Patients after surgery of head and neck tumors need special rehabilitation, because of loss or impairment of speech function. This significantly reduces communicative potential, changes social status, reduces rehabilitation potential. Objectives During 6 years we have conducted studies to improve methods of psychological and pedagogical diagnostics, optimize speech therapy and psychological support for increasing effectiveness of speech rehabilitation. Methods Speech rehabilitation was carried out with correctional-pedagogical technologies and psychological support. We used Achieving Tendency Scale, Questionnaire measures of Affiliative Tendency and Sensitivity to Rejection, narrative interview, Scale of speech utterance implementation, rehabilitation potential evaluation, general condition assessment by ECOG and Karnovsky, auditory assessment. Speech therapy included methods for eliminating dysphagia, normalizing speech breathing, improving utterance realization. Psychological support kept meaning-narrative approach. Results Number of patients without difficulties or with slight difficulties in speech utterance implementation increased by 57.1%. Number of patients with high rehabilitation potential increased by 48.8%. Conclusions Psychological and pedagogical rehabilitation and resocialization after surgery of head and neck tumors has positive effect on mental health of patients, forms special rehabilitation motivation, helps to avoid disability and to transform life in new conditions. Disclosure No significant relationships.