Streszczenie: Celem opracowania jest wskazanie zróżnicowania rozwoju społecz-no-gospodarczego na świecie i w wybranych krajach. Posłużono się tu danymi makroekonomicznymi, takimi jak: PKB, PKB per capita i dynamika wzrostu PKB, inflacja i stopa bezrobocia. Ponadto, poszukując przyczyn owego zróżnicowania, zaprezentowano wysokość inwestycji i oszczędności w badanych krajach, jak rów-nież poziom wskaźnika HDI. Wybór krajów podyktowany był przede wszystkim zróżnicowaniem geograficznym oraz ciekawością badawczą, wybrano zatem kraje o zróżnicowanych gospodarkach z różnych regionów świata. Okres badawczy obejmuje lata 1990-2015, choć są odniesienia także i do początków XX wieku.Słowa kluczowe: ekonomia, makroekonomia, rozwój gospodarczy.Klasyfikacja JEL: E20. DIVERSITY OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOMPENT COUNTRIES AND REGIONS OF THE WORLD -A MACRO PERSPECTIVEAbstract: The aim of the study is to identify the diversity of socio-economic development in the world in some selected countries. Macroeconomic data such as GDP, GDP per capita and GDP growth, inflation and unemployment are presented. In addition, searching for the causes of this diversity presents the amount of investment and savings in the countries studied, as well as the level of HDI. The choice of

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The main purpose of the paper is to consider the impact of Covid-19 pandemic on the situation of youth in chosen countries of the European Union in the years 2009–2021. The study area includes four countries: Poland, Germany, Spain and France. The structure of the paper is following. At first, the concepts of precarity and labour market theories are presented. Then the statistical analysis of the situation of young people in Polish, German, Spanish and French labour markets is conducted to assess the economic position of youth in the labour market in the aspect of unemployment and to scrutinise temporary and precarious employment among youth. The principal research interest includes the impact of the pandemic on the situation of youth in the labour market. The conclusion is presented at the end of the paper. The article uses the methods of descriptive statistics and simple statistical measures describing the dynamics of studied phenomena. Main conclusion of the paper is that the labour market in the pandemic era has become hugely challenging for youth. They often work in crisis-sensitive sectors and workplaces. As a result, young people experience increased job insecurity, relatively higher unemployment rate and worse economic conditions compared to total population in the labour market. Due to the results of our analysis implementing the dual education system at the macro level is the strongly recommended solution for improving the situation of youth in the labour market.

Findings:The results of the analysis of the presented research material led to conclusions confirming the relationship between the successive waves of disease and the introduction of economic restrictions and the shaping of measures of the economic situation, the number of job offers reported to labour, migration and border traffic offices, as well as social moods regarding employment and opportunities of finding a job. Further research on the causality and determinants of the unemployment situation could lead to the diagnosis of monthly data, or to search for the strength of the tested relationships using more advanced econometric methods. Implications / Recommendations: The analysis included in this paper is an enrichment of the empirical explanation of the economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. This pandemic is an interesting phenomenon not only in the medical sphere, but also carries a number of consequences affecting the world of the economy, which should be investigated with the greatest possible detail. Contribution: This article deepens the understanding the pandemic period and its implication on the labour market and its influence on the unemployment in 2018-2021.Article type: original article.

The aim of the article is to define precariat, a new notion, which describes the status of some social groups on the labour market. An attempt has been made to identify determinants of this phenomenon as well as its characteristic features, which justify eliciting this group on the labour market. In the first part of the article the notion of precariat is defined according to the subject literature. In the second part its economic features and range scale in Poland have been discussed, followed by the third part focusing on the EU labour market. Finally, in the fourth part, the occurrence of the phenomenon of precariat on the modern labour market has been evaluated. Final conclusions stemming from the analysis have been enclosed in the final part of the article.