Conducted in the early 1990s Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study (EVS) have helped in establishing reasonable guidelines for the management of infectious postoperative endophthalmitis. However at present, more than 20 years after its publication, tremendous progress has been introduced in vitrectomy technology, which now permits the vitreoretinal surgeon to perform surgery more safely, and with better outcomes. Moerover, performing a complete vitreous removal, along with the moving up of the surgical intervention to as early as possible allows the prevention of complications that would limit the functional improvement postoperatively. Thus, it is now highly needed to re-evaluate the conclusions of the EVS study.

Background: The optimal management of patients with endophthalmitis is challenging and includes both intravitreal and, in some cases, systemic antimicrobials. Systemic antimicrobials may be administered either intravenously or orally. In this article we review systemic antimicrobial options currently available for the treatment of types of endophthalmitis and the role of systemic antimicrobials (antibiotics and antifungals) in these treatments.

Since the introduction of phacoemulsification, cataract surgery has evolved remarkably. The use of premium intraocular lenses (IOLs) (aspheric, toric, multifocal), refractive lens exchange and patients after refractive surgery procedures require extremely precise clinical measurements and IOL calculation formulas to achieve desired postoperative refraction. For many years, ultrasound biometry has been the standard for measurement of ocular parameters. The introduction of optical biometry (fast and non-invasive) has replaced ultrasound methods and is now considered as the clinical standard for ocular biometry. Recently, several modern optical instruments have been commercially launched and there are new methods available, including the empirical, analytical, numerical or combined methods to determine IOL power. The aim of this review is to present current techniques of ocular biometry and IOL power calculation formulas, which will contribute to achieve highly accurate refractive outcomes.

Increasing bacterial resistance to antibiotics has recently become an important medical challenge. In ophthalmology antibiotics are widely used for treatment and prophylaxis of ocular infections. In many cases antiseptics may be a valuable adjunct and sometimes even an alternative to antibiotics for the prevention and treatment of infections, reducing the overuse of antibiotics. This review aims to highlight the available literature on the subject of antibiotic resistance in ophthalmology. Full understanding of this growing problem is necessary for tailoring effective pre-, intra-, and postoperative management to improve antibiotic stewardship programs.

No abstract