Investigations of excited-state redox processes have an exceptional impact on the field of organic photochemistry and its application to the synthesis of complex target molecules. In such a photochemical process a single-electron transfer takes place to produce ion-radical intermediates, if the reduction and oxidation potentials, as well as excited-state energies of electron donors and acceptors are chosen appropriately. The Witkop cyclization constitutes an intramolecular variant of such a process, typically with an indole heterocycle as an electron donor. The specific synthetic value of this reaction lies in a CC bond formation without requiring any prefunctionalization of the indole system. Although this photoreaction has been applied to the total synthesis of natural products, it has still not been used to its full capacity. The following review details synthetic efforts using the Witkop cyclization, and aims to incite further applications of reaction in the synthesis of complex molecular architectures.

Multicomponent reactions allow for more bond-forming events per synthetic operation, enabling more step and time economical conversion of simple starting materials to complex and thus value-added targets. These processes invariably require that reactivity be relayed from intermediate to intermediate over several mechanistic steps until a termination event produces the final product. Here we report a multicomponent process in which a novel 1,2,3-butatriene equivalent (TMSBO: TMSCH2C≡CCH2OH) engages chemospecifically as a two-carbon alkyne component in a metal-catalyzed [5+2] cycloaddition with a vinylcyclopropane to produce an intermediate cycloadduct. Under the reaction conditions, this intermediate undergoes a remarkably rapid 1,4-Peterson elimination, producing a reactive four-carbon diene intermediate that is readily intercepted in either a metal-catalyzed or thermal [4+2] cycloaddition. TMSBO thus serves as an yne-to-diene transmissive reagent coupling two powerful and convergent cycloadditions - the homologous Diels-Alder and Diels-Alder cycloadditions - through a vinylogous Peterson elimination, and enabling flexible access to diverse polycycles.

A protecting-group-free and enantioselective total synthesis of the monoterpenoid indole alkaloid (-)-leuconoxine was accomplished. The key step comprises a novel photoinduced domino macrocyclization/transannular cyclization involving the Witkop cyclization, for which additional mechanistic evidence is provided. This process furnishes a diaza[5.5.6.6]fenestrane skeleton, which is a hitherto unprecedented structure element.

Conventional allenes have not been effective π-reactive 2-carbon components in many intermolecular cycloadditions including metal-catalyzed [5 + 2] cycloadditions. We report herein that rhodium-catalyzed [5 + 2] cycloadditions of propargyltrimethylsilanes and vinylcyclopropanes provide, after in situ protodesilylation, a highly efficient route to formal allene cycloadducts. Propargyltrimethylsilanes function as safe, easily handled synthetic equivalents of gaseous allenes and hard-to-access monosubstituted allenes. In this one-flask procedure, they provide cycloadducts of what is formally addition to the more sterically encumbered allene double bond.

The formal synthesis of racemic mersicarpine was accomplished in an operationally simple, reliable, and efficient manner in eight isolated steps. The use of a common intermediate increases the degree of synthetic flexibility and allows the construction of two completely different polycyclic alkaloid skeletons.