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Introduction: Involvement of auditory pathway is one of the examples of central neuropathy in diabetics. The purpose of this study is to compare the auditory function of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with healthy subjects. Methodology: 30 diabetic and 30 healthy subjects participated in this study. For all participants conventional pure-tone audiometry (PTA) and Auditory Brainstem Evoked Responses (ABER) study were performed. Results: In PTA Hearing threshold only at 2, 4, 8 KHz frequencies were significantly higher than healthy subjects but were in normal range in patients with diabetes. ABER revealed that absolute latencies of waves І, III, V and inter wave latencies of III-V, I-V, I-III were significantly prolonged in diabetics. Conclusion: In this study, 50% of diabetic patients had hearing defects in ABER test despite normal hearing threshold and good metabolic control. Prolonged inter wave latencies of I-III, III-V, I-V explains retrocochlear and brain stem involvement.

This study seeks to answer the question: "What is the difference between the basic psychological needs (survival, love and belonging, power, freedom, and fun) of stuttering and non-stuttering students?" Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on 15 stuttering students aged 13 to 17 years as the case group and 15 non-stuttering students (13 males and two females) aged 13 to 17 years as the control group. The formal validity, reliability, and internal consistency of the questionnaire were assessed. Results: Analysis showed significant differences between the two groups in need of love and belonging, and fun (P<0.001) and stuttering students showed more desire for love, belonging, and fun. Furthermore; analysis indicated insignificant differences between two groups in survival, power, and freedom needs (P<0.001). Conclusion: Stuttering students are more in need of love and belonging; that is, the need for relationships, social connections, giving and receiving affection, and feeling to be a part of a group. They, moreover, need more to find pleasure, to play, and to laugh.

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