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A wide range of microRNAs (miRNAs) are coded for in the human genome and contribute to the regulation of gene expression. MiRNAs are able to degrade mRNAs and/or prevent the RNA transcript from being translated through complementary binding of the miRNA seed region (nucleotide 2-8) to the 3’-untranslated regions of many mRNAs. Although miRNAs are involved in almost all processes of normal human cells, they are also involved in the abnormal functions of cancer cells. MiRNAs can play dual regulatory roles in cancer, acting either as tumor suppressors or as tumor promoters, depending on the target, tumor type, and stage. In the current review, we discuss the present status of miRNA modulation in the setting of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signaling. LPA is produced from lysophosphatidylcholine by the enzyme autotaxin and signals via a range of G protein-coupled receptors to affect cellular processes, which ultimately causes changes in cell morphology, survival, proliferation, differentiation, migration, and adhesion. Several studies have identified miRNAs that are over-expressed in response to stimulation by LPA, but their functional roles have not yet been fully clarified. Since RNA-based treatments hold tremendous promise in the area of personalized medicne, many efforts have been made to bring miRNAs into clinical trials, and this field is evolving at an increasing pace.

Purpose Learning anatomy in traditional and modern procedures is based on three-dimension visualization and spatial ability. Hands-on learning in undergraduate students promote learning and increases their skills. Therefore, for enhancing the anatomical concept and ability of students` skills, the undergraduate medical students create and print 3D anatomical models. Methods 67 medical students participated, forming two groups. The experimental group created handmade models of the gastrointestinal system and the control group received routine lectures and practical lessons in our anatomy laboratory. They were asked to fill in the motivation questionnaire at the onset of the project as a pretest, after six months, as a posttest and for one year as a follow-up. The anatomy scores and general opinion of anatomy classes were evaluated. Different criteria were designed for evaluating handmade models, scanned, selected models and final three-dimension prints. Results The results indicated significant differences in posttests of performance goals. Anatomy scores of the gastrointestinal subject were higher for the students who prepared models for some gastrointestinal subjects. Students’ opinion of general anatomy classes where handmade models were used show that not only did they find classes more interesting and enjoyable, but the visualization also enhanced their learning ability and was more effective than lectures. Conclusion It was concluded that practical handmade model activities enhance three-dimension visualization in undergraduate students’ spatial ability for learning anatomy.

Background: Estimation of stature from measurements of different human parts is significantly considered in forensic medicine to identity unknown individuals. Since stature data is dependent on different causes such as age, race, genetics, geographical location and climate condition so it is needed to find a relationship among different people. This study was carried out to evaluate stature from foot parameters in Najafabad, a city in Iran.Method: A total number of 206 volunteer adults comprising 106 males and 100 females between the ages of 19 - 38 were recruited for the study and measurements of stature, foot length, foot width, medial arch height, lateral malleolus height, medial malleolus height, and navicular height were recorded.Results: Linear regression models were used to estimate stature. The results indicated a positive correlation between stature and foot measurements. Among all parameters, left foot length and right foot width showed the most (r=0.819) and the least (r=0.551) relationship with stature, respectively.Conclusion: A strong correlation between stature and all foot dimensions were found.