TiO 2 nanoparticles were synthesized at room temperature by chemical precipitation method and were then heated at 120, 300, 600 and 900 °C temperatures. The phase transition and crystallite size variation were determined by X-rays diffraction (XRD) analysis. The surface area, pore volume and pore size were measured using Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) methods. The optical activity of heat treated and non-heat treated samples were carried out by diffuse reflectance (DR) spectroscopy. Four different methods were used to calculate band gap energy. The results obtained from thermogravimetric and differential thermal gravimetric (TG/TDG) analyses and Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy agreed with each other. Agar well diffusion method has been applied to explore the antibacterial activity of nanoparticles against different bacterial strains such as Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus Aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa. It was observed that TiO 2 nanoparticles heated at 120 °C displayed maximum antibacterial activity while those heated at higher temperature showed no activity against the examined bacteria.

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The binary nanocomposite (BNC) was synthesized by using SnCl 2 •5H 2 O and C 12 H 28 O 4 Ti precursors and characterized by Brunauer− Emmett−Teller analysis, X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The characterization results confirm the successful synthesis of binary nanocomposite with size of about 15 nm. The synthesized binary nanocomposite (BNC) was evaluated for lead ions (Pb 2+ ) removal from aqueous solution and antimicrobial activities. The maximum adsorption capacities of 68.36, 68.81, and 70.01 mgg −1 of lead (Pb 2+ ) ions were detected at 293, 303, and 313 K, respectively. Both the Langmuir and Freundlich models were applied to the adsorption data, and the high regression value (R 2 ) suggests that the Langmuir model describes the adsorption data better than the Freundlich model. The q m and K b values revealed that the binary nanocomposite exhibits good adsorption capacity for lead (Pb 2+ ) ions. Moreover, it was also observed that the binary nanocomposite bears good antimicrobial activities against selected stains.

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Currently, nanomaterials with exceptional antibacterial activity have become an emerging domain in research. The optimization of nanomaterials against infection causing agents is the next step in dealing with the present-day problem of antibiotics. In this research work, Ag 2 O, CoFe 2 O 4 , and Ag 2 O/CoFe 2 O 4 /rGO are prepared by chemical methods. The structural and morphological properties were studied by UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The synthesized Ag 2 O, CoFe 2 O 4 , and Ag 2 O/CoFe 2 O 4 /rGO nanomaterials were used for antibacterial activities. The nanomaterials were investigated for antibacterial properties, and results showed that all these materials exhibit superior antibacterial e cacy against gram-positive strains like Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and gram-negative bacterial strains like Escherichia coli (E. coli). According to the antibacterial results, the nanocomposite signi cantly reduced the reproduction rate of E. coli and S. aureus. Moreover, the antibacterial activity of nanomaterials showed a gradual increment with an increase in the concentration of the materials. These results demonstrate that all the nanomaterials, as a kind of antibacterial material, have a great potential for application in a wide range of biomedical applications.