The prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is rapidly increasing worldwide. Population-based studies on the prevalence of kidney damage are limited in developing countries. The present work relates to a population-based screening study in a rural population. Objectives: The study was performed to investigate the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in rural residents and find out the association of the associated risk factors and variables. Methods: This is a descriptive cross sectional study. The demographic variables included were age, sex, marital status, religion, occupation, socioeconomic status, monthly income. The clinical variable was hypertension. The risk factors under the study were Body Mass Index (BMI), smoking habit, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Data pertaining to biochemical investigations were urine for albumin, serum creatinine and random serum glucose. CKD suspected patients were subjected to repeat serum creatinine and urinary albumin testing three months after the initial testing to confirm diagnosis of true CKD. Results: 1240 patients of which 650 were males and 590 females, aged between 18 and 65 years were entered into this study. The result evidenced over-all CKD prevalence 19 % determined by Cockcroft-Gault and 19.5 % MDRD equations. Stage 3 CKD was found to be predominant in both Cockcroft-Gault (12.8%) and MDRD equations (13.2%). The risk factors were thought to be associated with CKD which demonstrated association with hypertension (19.3%), diabetes (4.9%) and others (1.3%). A total of 206(88%) patients determined by Cockcroft-Gault and 210 (89.4%) by MDRD equations were diagnosed as having CKD in 2nd follow up visit (3 months after the 1st visit). Conclusion: It appears from this study that one out of three people in this population at risk remained undiag-nosed as CKD and with poorly controlled CKD risk factors. This is a growing problem and a challenge to this country. On priority basis CKD needs to be addressed through the development of multidisciplinary health teams and establishment of improved communication between traditional health care givers and nephrology services. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cbmj.v1i1.13825 Community Based Medical Journal Vol.1(1) 2012 20-26

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cbmj.v1i2.13857 Community Based Medical Journal Vol.1(2) 2012 8-13

Diabetes is one of the most common endocrine disorders characterized by hyperglycaemia. Diabetic nephropathy is a consequence of long standing diabetes. The prevalence of microalbuminuria predicts progression to diabetic nephropathy. The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of microalbuminuria in relation to duration of diabetes, BMI, Serum Creatinine and HbA1c in an ethnic group of Type 2 diabetes mellitus residing in Mymensingh, Bangladesh. This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in a community based medical college hospital, located at Winnerpar, Mymensingh from July to December 2012. Fasting various blood and morning urine sample was collected for analysis of creatinine, HbA1c and microalbuminuria respectively. One hundred twenty known Type 2 diabetic patients with age 30 years and above were included in the study. Pearson correlation was applied to observe association of microalbuminuria with different parameters. Microalbuminuria had a highly significant correlation with duration of diabetes (p<0.001), serum creatinine, HbA1c (p<0.001) and BMI (p 0.001). The correlation demonstrates that with the increase in age, raised serum creatinine significantly bearing a perfect positive correlation as evident by r = 0.878, p < 0.001. The present study found an early onset of microalbuminuria in the selected community which could be due to poor glycaemic control (high HbA1c >7%) or heredity factors. Screening for microalbuminuria and HbA1c test should be done in both newly and already diagnosed Type 2 diabetic patients as an early marker of renal dysfunction and glycaemic control. CBMJ 2014 January: Vol. 03 No. 01 P: 29-34

Background: Several studies has shown that impaired renal function might be an important predictor of adverse cardiovascular events in patient with ST elevated myocardial Infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous intervention (pPCI). Exact data on clinical impact of baseline or admission serum creatinine level of STEMI patient undergoing pPCI in our patient population not well established. Therefore, we have carried out this non-randomized study to see the effects of S. creatinine level on major adverse cardiovascular outcomes among STEMI patient undergoing pPCI. Methods: Patients were enrolled in this observational non-randomized prospective cohort between November 2017-July 2019, who were presented into our emergency department with acute onset of severe chest pain or angina with ECG evidenced of acute ST elevated myocardial infarction. Total 137 patient (F 12; Male 125) were enrolled in this study. Results: Out of 137 patients, female :12 (8.75%) vs Male: 125 (91.2%). Among, these patient females were more obese (BMI: Female 27.0 ± 2.2 vs male 25.4 ± 4.9) and developed CAD in advance age (Female 59.1 ± 14.5 vs Male 53.4 ± 10.5). Among the 137 patients, 89 (65%) were dyslipidemia, 72 (52.6%) were hypertensive, Diabetic 66(48%), Smoker 70 (51%) and FH positive for CAD were 31 (22.6%). According to the involvement of myocardium infarction, STEMI diagnosis of Anterior MI were 48.9% (n=67) and Inferior MI 51.1% (n=70). An elevated serum creatinine level was defined as creatinine >1.2mg/dl. Based on baseline serum creatinine level, patients were divided into group-A and Group-B. In Group-A. Total 68 patients have S. Creatinine level <1.2 and in Group-B, 69 patients have S. Creatinine level >1.2. Anterior MI were higher in group -B patient than Group-A; Ant MI as 35 (50.4%) vs 31(45.6%), Inf MIL: 34 (49.35) vs 34 (50%), Shock 11 (15.9%) vs 6 (8.8%0, CHB 4 (5.8%) vs 4 (5.9%), Death 12 (17.4%) vs 2 (2.9%) and LVF 5(7.2%) vs 1(1.5%) with 7 days in-hospital stay after primary PCI. Territory wise involvement of vessel in Group-B patient has more involvement of LAD 35 (50.7%) and Group-A has RCA 26(38.2%). Conclusion: In this present study, we found, that in acute STEMI patients, baseline higher serum creatinine level is associated with more AMI related complications and death than in lower serum creatinine level. Thus, we may conclude that baseline admission serum creatinine level may be an important predictor for both in-hospital and 12-month survival outcomes in STEMI patients undergoing pPCI. Cardiovasc. j. 2020; 12(2): 135-142

Self-medication is common in countries where prescription legislations are not strong enough and drugs are available over the counter. This study was conducted to assess the self-medication by antibiotics in Mymensingh Sadar Area population and determine the factors related to it. This descriptive study was conducted in Mymensingh Sadar Area between January 2010 and December 2010. Convenient sampling was used to select respondents from among those who came to the community pharmacies to purchase drugs for self-medication. Respondents were interviewed after they made their requests but before they were provided with information on the drugs they requested. Data were collected using structured questionnaire. Drug consumers consisted of all age categories of both genders; as well as different occupations of varying educational background levels. The most frequently reported illnesses that prompted self-medication of respondents were fever, dental pain, cough & common cold, dermatological and ENT problems. Over 42% of them made their requests by telling symptoms of illness and 32.3% obtained advice from traditional healers. The most common reasons reported for self-diagnosis and self-medication were cost of physician service and non-seriousness of the disease. More than 13 different types of antibiotics were requested, the most frequent category of antibiotics being ciprofloxacin/other FQS 21%, amoxicillin 16.5%, azithromycin/erythromycin 14% and cephalosporin 13.3%. Self-medication is widely practiced for a wide range of illnesses or symptoms of illnesses and for over-the-counter. The public as well as the health care providers have to be educated on the scopes of self-medication; i.e., the type of illnesses to be self-diagnosed and self-treated and the type of drug products to be used in order to promote responsible self-medication. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cbmj.v2i1.14176 Community Based Medical Journal Vol.2(1) 2013 15-20