C. elegans is a preferential model for testing environmental toxicity of compounds including nanomaterials. The impact of multigeneration exposure of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on the lifespan and fertility of C. elegans is not known and therefore is investigated in this study. We used pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel extracts as a reducing agent to synthesize gold nanoparticles (PPE-AuNPs) from chloroauric acid. Nematodes were grown till adult stage and then exposed to 25, 50, and 100 μg/ml of PPE-AuNPs at 20°C for 72 hours and then assessed for lifespan and fertility. The same protocols were followed for subsequent F1, F2, and F3 generations. The results showed that PPE-AuNPs dose-dependently but insignificantly reduced the lifespan of C. elegans. Exposure of PPE-AuNPs significantly and dose-dependently reduced the fertility of C. elegans in terms of the number of eggs produced. The reproductive toxicity of PPE-AuNPs was found to be minimal in parental generation (F0) and maximal in F3 generation. In conclusion, biologically synthesized PPE-AuNPs adversely affect the fertility of C. elegans while the factors responsible for reproductive toxicity are inherited by subsequent generations.

An attractive approach to vaccination is presented by nucleic acid vaccines. These vaccines based on DNA or RNA encoded with specific antigen and generally regarded as safe, effective which can mimic live infection with low rise of reversion to virulence. RNA vaccines generally elicit humoral as well as cellular immune response. Personalized medicine is the new paradigm of medical science for targeting specific characteristics of each individual by using their genetic profile to identify particular nature of the medical condition and design a unique treatment for each patient. Cancer immunotherapy stimulates a host antitumor immune response which can able to lead tumor shrinkage for the improvement of clinical outcomes in cancer patients. Eradication of the large tumor by active immunotherapy is the biggest challenge, to overcome this challenge combination therapy of mRNA vaccine with radiation can be effective. mRNA as a vaccine have many advantages including large scale production under GMP conditions is comparatively easy and robust, thats why inexpensive in contrast to the other biopharmaceuticals. The tumor antigens are recognizing by the immune system and this is the basis for cancer immunotherapy development.

There is an upper limit to the number of times a cell can divide before it stops growing and enters a phase which is called senescence. For human embryonic diploid fibroblasts, the Hayflick limit is about 60 doublings. This limit is related to the end-replication problem faced by DNA polymerase as it moves along a template strand synthesizing a new strand. DNA polymerase must initiate synthesis from an RNA primer and it synthesizes a new strand beginning with the primers 3 end. The need for the RNA primer means that the DNA polymerase cannot replicate the very 5 end of the lagging strand because the primer occupies the last few bases of the template strand. As a consequence, the DNA of a chromosome shortens by 50-100 nucleotides each time the chromosome replicates. Eukaryotic chromosomes have telomeres at their ends, which are long sections made up of a repeat sequences, TTAGGG in human cells. These sequences protect the ends of the chromosomes, thus preventing the chromosomes from interacting with each other. Telomeres are eroded with each division until they no longer function properly, with catastrophic results for the cell.

Edible vaccine is cost effective, easy in administration, easy in storage and safe vaccine delivery system. Edible vaccines are prepared by molecular pharming using the science of genetic engineering. Selected genes which are pathogenic can be isolated from the source and then introduced into the plants. That plant is now called transgenic plant and it is able to produce the encoded protein. That protein is pathogenic which is used to give the people as an edible vaccine. That protein is used for therapeutic purposes. It is less costly rather than another vaccine. Resistance to genetically modified food may affect the future of edible vaccine.

Embryoscope is a machine which is used to monitor embryo from the time of conception. It allows fertility specialist to select the most viable embryo during in-vitro fertilization. This instrument reduces the risk of taking embryo from the incubator for observation. It can monitor 12 embryos at once and take photos of each embryo every 5 to 10 minutes during the entire incubation period. With the help of this instrument, fertility expert can also monitor the abnormality in embryo. The embryoscope is an incubator with an integrated camera. The detection of abnormality can be done without harming the embryo.