Nanotechnology has enormous potential for developing alternative pest control strategies and reducing the risk of insecticide molecules. The present study aimed to develop a stable nanoemulsion (NE) of eucalyptus oil (EO) by the spontaneous emulsification method and evaluate its insecticidal and repellent effect against Sitophilus oryzae (L.), Rhizopertha dominica (F.) and Tribolium-castaneum (Herbst.). The prepared nanoemulsion formulation having a small particle size 8.57 nm with polydispersity index (PDI) 0.28. The study of the stability and physicochemical properties showed that the prepared formulation had good physical stability without any change in the macroscopic parameters. In addition, results showed that theinsecticidal activity of the prepared NE was higher than the original EO against the three tested insect speciesand the mortality increased with increasing concentrations and extending of exposure time. The contact toxicity of NE film revealed that, adults of R. dominica was more susceptible to all treatments followed by S. oryzae adults, while adults of T. castaneum was the least susceptible one, however, adults of S. oryzae was more susceptible followed by T. castaneum adults while, adults of                    R. dominica was the least susceptible one according to the fumigant toxicity and repellency. Our results suggested that the prepared formulation may be used in an integrated pest managementprogramfor controlling stored grain insects.

Susceptibility of four varieties of wheat (Egypt 1, Egypt 2, Gemmiza 11and Sids 12), and five rice varieties (Egypt 1, Egypt 2, Giza 179, Sakha 105 and Sakha 106) for infestation by Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Rhizopertha dominica (F.) were evaluated in the laboratory at 28 ± 1ºc and 65 ± 5 % R.H. The results showed significant differences between various wheat varieties in the growth index of S .oryzae, it was comparatively higher in the varieties Gemmiza 11 and Egypt 1 than varieties Egypt 2 and Sids 12. Also, Egypt 1 was the least susceptible to R. dominica with lowest percent of weight loss (3.80%). In case of rice varieties data revealed that, Giza 179 and Egypt 2 varieties were the least susceptible to S. oryzae by lowest values of growth index (0.38 and 0.90, respectively) and corresponding values of weight loss (0.16 and 0.38% ,resp.), with significant differences when compared with all varieties. While, Sakha 105 variety was most resistance to R. dominica by growth index (1.27) and least value of weight loss (0.29%).A significant effect of grain moisture contents on susceptibility/resistance against S. oryzae and R. dominica .

Broadcasting Fe increased alfalfa forage yield in calcareous soils, however, higher yield was obtained by using broadcasting and foliar application together. In sandy soil, broadcasting 24 kg Ferrous sulphate Ha -1 significantly decreased the yield while 12 kg Ferrous sulphate + 12 kg Borax Ha -1 produced the highest yield. The highest uptake of Fe by the alfalfa in calcareous soil was by the foliar application followed by combination of both methods.

The effectiveness of malathion and spinetoram alone and in binary combinations was investigated against the adults of Sitophilus oryzae (L.), Rhizopertha dominica F. and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst.). The obtained results showed that, the toxicity of each insecticide to the adults of the three insect species was concentration and exposure period-dependent. Adults of S. oryzae were highly susceptible to malathion alone but, R. dominica and T. castaneum adults were the least susceptible to the insecticide .While R. dominica adults were higher susceptible to spinetoram alone than the two other species. Co-toxicity values resulted from adding LC 10 of spinetoram to various malathion concentrations showed a potentiation effects on the adults of T. castaneum at all concentrations of malathion, on R. dominica at the three lowest concentrations and at the lowest concentration(0.25ppm) only on the adults of S. oryzae. Meanwhile an additive effect was achieved with other concentrations of malathion and LC 10 of spinetoram against the three tested insect species.A complete protection for stored wheat seeds was achieved with the Six tested mixtures(Mix 1-Mix 6) against adults of S. oryzae and R. dominica up to 6 months. Also, the same effect extended against T. castaneum adults to 5, 4 and 2 months with Mix 1 , each of (Mix 2 and Mix 3) and Mix 4 ,resp. Contrarily, Mix 5 , Mix 6 failed to give a complete mortality for T. castaneum adults at all various intervals(months). Data concluded that, stored wheat seeds treated with Mix 3 (4ppmM+5ppmSm) or Mix 4 (4ppm M+4ppm Sm) were protected against the three insects infestation for 3months.

The efficacy and the residual toxicity of spinetoram insecticide were evaluated in the laboratory at 26 ± 2°C and 60 ± 5RH against the adults of three insect species of stored products i.e., the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (L.), the lesser grain borer Rhizopertha dominica (F.) and the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst.). The obtained results showed that, the toxicity of spinetoram to the adults of the three insect species was concentration and exposure period -dependent.The susceptibility of the insects varied from insect species to another. R. dominica adults were the most sensitive species, a complete mortality was achieved at 10ppm of spinetoram after 7days, followed by S. oryzae adults, 100.00% mortality was obtained after 14days of exposure, but T. castaneum adults,10ppm of spinetoram was not sufficient to achieve complete kill for the adults of T. castaneum even after the longest exposure periods (14days).Meanwhile, complete reduction in F1-progeny of R. dominica was observed at the three highest used concentrations(10, 5 and 2.5ppm) while, the reduction in F1progeny of S. oryzae and T. castaneum were 96.5 and 73.1% at the highest concentration (10ppm), respectively.The residual toxicity results of spinetoram showed that, the initial concentration of(10ppm) gave 95.3,100.0 and 71.0% kill for S. oryzae, R. dominica and T. castaneum, resp. mortality levels remained stable to 2 months for T. castaneum and 3 months for S. oryzae and R. dominica then reduced gradually with the increase of the storage period. The residual effect was high against R. dominica adults and extended to 6 months with lowest reduction rate in mortality (27.8%).