The following study was carried out in order to translate, cultural adaptation, and determine the content and face validity of the "Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation" questionnaire with the aim of evaluating the two components of pain and disability in patients with wrist injuries. Materials and Methods: The methodology of this survey was non-experimental study. After translation and cultural adaptation according to the Beaton method (approved by the American Surgeon Association), the pilot test was performed on patients with wrist injuries (fractures of the distal radius, scaphoid fractures and carpal tunnel syndrome). To assess content and face validity, the questionnaire was given to 10 specialists (6 of whom were occupational therapists, 2 were physiotherapists, and 2 were orthopaedic surgeons), and 20 patients with wrist injuries. Results: The qualitative content and face validity of the questionnaire for wrist injuries was appropriately reported good. Each item of the content validity ratio was slightly higher than 0.75 and this justified the necessity to include all items. Each item of the content validity index was slightly higher than 0.79. Therefore, all the items were approved in terms of their simplicity, clarity, and relevance. The impact score in order to evaluate the importance of each item was calculated and all were higher than 1.5. Therefore, in terms of face validity all the items were approved. Conclusion: The results showed that the Persian version of the "Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation" questionnaire for evaluating the pain and disability of wrist injuries was indeed satisfactory, in terms of it's content and face validity, thus it can be used in patients by specialists and therapists.

No abstract

The elderly residents of nursing homes experience falling at least once a year. The fear of falling influences the quality of life and causes limitations in their daily living activities. Therefore, this study aimed to translate the Falls Efficacy Scale (FES) and investigate its validity and reliability in the elderly Iranian residents of nursing homes. Methods: The current methodological study was conducted on 100 healthy 60-87 years older adults in Tehran City, Iran. The subjects were selected by convenience sampling method. The translation was conducted using forward-backward procedure. The face and content validities of the scale were determined by impact score, Content Validity Index (CVI), and Content Validity Ratio (CVR). We established the construct validity by Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), applying principal component analysis by varimax rotation. The scale's convergent validity was examined using the Spearman correlation coefficient with the Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I) and Single Item Question (SIQ). Cronbach's α and Intra-Class Correlation (ICC) were calculated to investigate the scale's internal consistency and test-retest reliability. There were 4-7 days of interval for assessing the test-retest reliability. Results: The CVR and CVI of all items were greater than 0.57 and 0.79, respectively. The obtained results suggested an impact score higher than 1.5 for each item. The EFA results indicated two factors in the FES. Convergent validity revealed very high to high correlation between the FES and FES-I (rho=0.92, P<0.0001), and SIQ (rho=0.72, P<0.0001). Excellent internal consistency (α=0.95) and test-retest reliability (ICC=0.98) were reported for the scale. Discussion: The obtained results indicated that the original version of FES was a reliable and valid tool for assessing the fear of falling among the elderly residents of nursing homes.

Objectives: It is essential to have a suitable instrument for the accurate assessments of pain and disability outcomes during interventions; such tools also help to guide hand surgery and rehabilitation programs in distal radius or scaphoid fracture. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric features of the Patient-rated Wrist Evaluation (PRWE) questionnaire in Iranians with a history of scaphoid and distal radius fractures. Methods: One hundred and fifty subjects with a history of scaphoid and distal radius fractures were recruited from hospital-based outpatient hand clinics and completed the PRWE, 2 and 7 days after the occurrence of fracture. Additionally, the Quick-Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (Quick-DASH), the percentage of Wrist Range of Motion (%ROM), Visual Analog Scale Pain/Disability (VAS-P, VAS-D), Short-form Health Survey (SF-36) questionnaires, and pinch and grip strength (%) were conducted in the study participants. Cronbach’s alpha (α) coefficient and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) were used to evaluate the internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the scale, respectively. Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficient was calculated for assessing the test’s construct validity. Results: No floor or ceiling effect was found. A very high test-retest reliability was obtained for the PRWE’s total score and subscores (ICC≥0.92). Cronbach’s α coefficient was obtained as ≥0.78 for the PRWE and its subscales. The PRWE total score presented a weak to strong (0.24-0.74) correlation with the average values of %ROM, %power grip, %pinch strength, VAS-P, VAS-D, SF-36, and Quick-DASH. The standard error of the measurement of PRWE total score equaled 3.93; its smallest real difference was 10.86. Discussion: The PRWE presented acceptable validity and excellent reliability for measuring disability and pain in individuals with the scaphoid and distal radius fractures in Iran.