Objective: Determine the role of indomethacin on blood pressure lowering by captopril and losartan in hypertension patients. Study design: Randomized study design. Methodology: 200 patients with known hypertension problems including women and men were treated in this study. The complete protocol for the study was approved by the research center and committee of the hospital. Patients were randomly treated with losartan 50mg/day, and captopril 25mg two times/day. . Indomethacin 65 mg /day was given to patients in week six. Results: Among the 200 patients 68 (50%) females received losartan and 68 (50%) females received captopril. Captopril was given to a total of 100 patients including 68 females and 32 males. Their first-week follow-up systolic BP Mean ± S.E measured value was 152.02 ± 0.9, Diastolic BP measured value was 94.5 ± 0.5, Pulse, bpm = 86.6 ± 2.0 with a significant p-value. The fifth week measured reading was 141.04 ± 0.7 = systolic BP, 86.05 ± 1.2 = Diastolic BP, Pulse, bpm = 86.6 ± 2.0. A significant reduction in BP was observed with a p-value of 0.001. At sixth-week captopril and indomethacin combination results show a lesser reduction in BP systolic/ diastolic = 146.06 ± 0.2/89.01 ± 2.0 mm Hg, pulse rate measured 81.7 ± 1.0 with significant p-value 0.05. Losartan first week follow-up shows a BP of 153.01 ± 0.3/92.6 ± 0.6, pulse reading was 79.3 ± 2.0 with a p-value of 0.001. In the fifth week, BP was 139.5 ± 0.1/ 84.03 ± 0.3, pulse = 77.6 ± 3.0 showing a significant reduction in BP. The sixth week Losartan + indomethacin results show a lesser decrease in BP with 145.4 ± 0.1/ 91.02 ± 0.4 mm Hg, and 79.01 ± 3.1 value was measured for Pulse, bpm. Conclusion: The results of this study show that losartan and captopril are more effective in controlling BP than in combination with indomethacin. So, indomethacin reduced the antihypertensive effect of losartan and captopril. Keywords: captopril, losartan, indomethacin, antihypertensive, blood pressure

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BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Thyrotoxicosis is a disease in which thyroid hormones are raised, and we have seen multiple patients suffering from this ailment in Pakistan. Methimazole is an anti-thyroid drug for thyrotoxicosis. Hepatotoxicity and liver ailments were common with methimazole prescribed for hypothyroid patients. Hypothyroidism, a common side effect of this drug, has been seen in a majority of patients, but liver toxicity remained unaddressed. So, in this study, we have observed histological changes in the liver after methimazole administration. METHODOLOGY: The pilot study was carried out in the University of Health Sciences (UHS), Lahore, and was ended in twenty-one days. We divided animals in 2 groups. Each group comprises 12 animals. Group-I was negative control, and water was given through the oral route for 21 days. Group-II was administered methimazole orally 60mg/kg/day for twenty-one days. At the end;S animals were dissected, and livers were removed for histological examination. RESULTS: The histological picture of the liver showed 75% severe disruption in liver architecture, inflammation, and fatty change in group 2, indicating liver damage. CONCLUSION: Methimazole, hepatotoxic with discernable damage to its architecture, epithelium, and inflammatory changes.

Background: There is no valid and accurate documentation on the combination therapy of bupropion along with naltrexone. The experimentations on these actions of combination drugs have resulted in rare success. Methods: A complex interaction occurs in the central and peripheral nervous system for reducing weight loss. It is difficult to find out the major mechanism of action of these drugs on weight reduction. Naltrexone and bupropion is the experimental combination for reducing the weight. For obesity, the combination of naltrexone/bupropion therapy’s mechanism working is still unknown. Results: The attempts for weight loss rarely have a long-term effect. It is an outcome of more likely some complex interaction between various peripheral and Central Nervous systems, and an overwhelming lack of real obesity treatment may be explained. Based on the evidence that obesity involves a change in the hypothalamic melanocortin system in addition to a brain reward system, which causes food craving and mood swings, this investigational combination therapy of NB was developed. Naltrexone and bupropion work in an interesting way. Conclusion: It affects the parts of the brain that influences food craving, food intake, eating behaviors, and loss of body weight. We will have a review on the working of naltrexone, and bupropion separately, and Vivo, current in vitro, and clinical evidence will be provided, describing how NB affects food intake and food craving. Keywords: CNS, obesity, medicine, weight lose, NB, therapy.

Introduction: Depression is a mood disorder characterized by emotional dysregulation that causes distress in patients. It has strong association with peptic ulcer due to the underlying factor, stress, involved in its pathogenesis. The increased usage of NSAIDS and associated peptic ulcer disease (PUD) in depressive patients has raised concerns. Standard treatment is with PPIs like omeprazole Antiulcer effect of antidepressants fluvoxamine and mirtazapine was investigated in our previous research work by comparing the gastric glutathione and PGE2 levels in aspirin induced ulcer in rats. Aims & Objectives: The current research aimed to comparatively evaluate the histopathological changes caused by fluvoxamine, mirtazapine vs omeprazole in gastric antral tissue by using aspirin. Place and duration of study: A cross sectional analytical research of one month duration was conducted in Federal Postgraduate Medical Institute, Shaikh Zayed Medical Complex, Lahore. Material & Methods: Five groups of Albino rats with each group comprising of ten animals, were used. Group A received aspirin only as a single dose of 400mg/kg via nasogastric tube. Groups B, C, D and E received through oral route prophylactically and in single dose omeprazole 20mg/kg, fluvoxamine 100mg/kg, fluvoxamine 200mg/kg and mirtazapine 60mg/kg respectively. Ulceration was induced with aspirin in groups B to E after forty five minutes. Four hours after administration of aspirin all the rat groups were killed by thiopentol 50mg/kg intraperitoneally. Antral ulcerated tissue was taken and kept in 10% formalin. Comparison was made for ulcers, necrosis, cellular infiltration, congestion. Results: Upon sacrificing a histopathological analysis of gastric mucosa revealed that in group A (aspirin treated only) all animals had ulceration with necrosis, 70% were of severe nature while 80% had severe cellular infiltration and congestion. In comparison mild ulceration was noted in 70% of animals in Group C (fluvoxamine 100mg/kg), 20% in group E (mirtazapine 60mg/kg) and none in group B (omeprazole20mg/kg) and D (fluvoxamine 200mg/kg) and no necrosis. However all animals in groups B, C, D and E had mild cellular infiltration and congestion. Conclusion: Rat gastric histological analysis revealed significant prophylactic gastroprotective ability of 200mg/kg fluvoxamine and lesser in 100mg/kg fluvoxamine and 60mg/kgmirtazapine versus 20mg/kg omeprazole in aspirin induced damage.