Abstract-Rice production in Iran needs to increase to feed a growing population whereas water for irrigation is getting scarce. There are 230000 ha paddy fields in Guilan province in north of Iran. About 73% of paddy fields irrigated by Sepeedrood dam. Shortage of water for rice production will be a problem in near future. In order to investigate the best irrigation regime and nitrogen level an experiment was conducted in split plot based on completely randomized block design with 3 replications at the rice research institute of Iran in 2008. Four levels of nitrogen (N 1 = 0, N 2 = 90, N 3 = 120 and N 4 = 150 kg ha-1) were splited on 4 different irrigation managements (I 1 = continuous submergence (CS), I 2 = 5, I 3 = 8 and I 4 = 11 days interval). The results clearly indicate that nitrogen levels and irrigation management in most of studied characteristics had very significant differences. Not only grain yield was statistically the same under CS and 8 days interval but also water consumption decreased 18%. Thus, concluded that water limited irrigation can lead to reduce water consumption in paddy fields and minimum 150 million m3 water of Sepeedrood dam saved annually.

Phospholipase D (PLD) (EC 3.1.4.4) plays important roles in plants growth, development, and response to environmental stresses. Tea plant (Camellia sinensis) is the most important non-alcoholic beverage in the world with health benefits, but tea production decreases in response to environmental stresses such as cold and drought. Therefore, a genome-wide analysis of the C. sinensis PLD gene family (CsPLDs) was carried out. In the current study, identification, evolutionary relationship, duplication, selection pressure, gene structure, promoter analysis, transcript-targeted miRNA, and simple sequence repeat markers prediction, RNA-seq data analysis, and three-dimensional structure of the CsPLDs have been investigated using bioinformatics tools. 15 PLDs were identified from the tea genome which belongs to five groups, including CsPLDa, CsPLDb, CsPLDd, CsPLDe, and CsPLDf. Both segmental and tandem duplications have occurred in the CsPLD gene family. Ka/Ks ratio for the most duplicated pair genes was less than 1 which implies negative selection to conserve their function during the tea evolution. 68 cis-elements have been found in CsPLDs indicating the contribution of these genes in response to environmental stresses. Likewise, 72 SSR loci and 96 miRNA molecules in 14 and 15 CsPLDs have been detected. According to RNA-seq data, the highest expression in all tissues under various abiotic stresses was related to CsPLDa1. Besides, a three-dimensional structure of the CsPLDa1 was evaluated to better understand its biological activity. This research provides comprehensive information that could be useful in future studies to develop stresstolerant tea.

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