Background: Long bone fracture in small animals has become a problem of concern in urban areas as well as rural areas because of road accidents. Canine long bone fracture cases presented at surgery wards of the hospital during 2017-20 were analysed for determining their incidence, occurrence and classification of fractures. Methods: The present study was conducted on long bone fractures in dogs presented to the surgery ward of SVVU Super Speciality Veterinary Hospital, Visakhapatnam from 2017 to 2020. Detailed history and signalment was followed by detailed physical examination to determine the site of fracture, extent of soft tissue swelling and presence of open wounds. Radiographic evaluation was done to localize the seat of fracture, to identify the type of fracture and to find out relation between the fracture fragments Result: Of all the cases of dog patients presented to the surgery ward 2.02% were diagnosed to have fracture of different bones. Fracture of long bones (326), comprised 1.50% of total cases and 74.42% of fractures cases. The highest incidence was recorded in mongrel dogs and the most common affected bone was tibia fibula. Fall from height was reported as an etiological factor in majority of the cases and Juvenile group of animals was found more affected.

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Background: Affections of eye are commonly encountered in all the species of animals. The age-related changes of the retina primarily cause loss of visual acuity as well as reduction of the visual field. Hence, the current study was carried out to establish basic data related to ageing changes in the retina of buffaloes. Methods: The study was conducted on 63 eye balls of locally available buffaloes of different breeds. These buffaloes were categorized into 3 groups i.e., group I (1-5 yrs), group II (6-10 yrs) and group III (11 yrs and above). The eyeballs were isolated and fixed with Davidson’s fluid. The paraffin sections were subjected for routine histological study. Result: The thickness of retinal pigment epithelium was increased from group I to III buffaloes from 6.06±0.18 to 8.44±0.32 and the quantity of melanin pigment was decreased with advancement of age. Rod and cone cells of the photoreceptor layer were tightly packed in young age, loosely arranged in old animals. The mean thickness (µm) of photoreceptors and outer nuclear layers together was decreased from 64.22±1.84 to 58.72±2.1 with age advancement. The displacement of nuclei from outer nuclear layer into outer plexiform layer was significantly decreased in old animals. The outer limiting membrane was continuous and uninterrupted throughout the life. The thickness of outer plexiform layer was increased with advancement of age from 8.78±0.58 to 10±0.51 due to enhancement of synaptic fibers density. As age advances the number and density of horizontal, bipolar and amacrine cells were decreased and also the mean thickness (µm) of this layer was decreased from 30.83±1.48 to 22.56±0.62 in the inner nuclear layer. The thickness of inner plexiform layer was increased from 42.44±2.23 to 45.39±0.81 with advancement of age due to increased cystoids spaces and thickening of retinal blood vessels. In ganglionic cell layer, the number of α-ganglion cells were more than the β-ganglion cells, their common number were decreased approximately from 16-20 cells/sq.mm to 7-10 cells/sq.mm, whereas the average size was increased from 4.72±0.49 to 15.83±0.83 with advancement of age. In aged buffaloes nerve fiber layer showed corpora amylacea and thickened blood vessels. The inner limiting membrane became thick and uninterrupted in old buffaloes. The total thickness (µm) of retina in group I, II and III buffaloes were 235.5±7.25, 184.33±3.64 and 201.05±5.15 respectively.