In the present study, in the duodenum, goblet cells and glands of lamina propria showed strong reaction for PAS-AB whereas glands of lamina propria and submucosa showed strong PAS reaction and the connective fibers of submucosa and lamina propria showed moderate reaction for PAS-AB. In the jejunum, the goblet cells of villous epithelium showed strong positive reaction for PAS and PAS-AB whereas glands of lamina propria also showed strong PAS-AB reaction. In ileum, goblet cells showed strong reaction to PAS and PAS-AB whereas glands of lamina propria, connective tissue of lamina propria and inter follicular connective tissue of submucosa showed strong positive reaction for PAS-AB and moderate reaction to PAS. In ileocaecal patch, colon, rectum, the glands of lamina propria showed strong reaction for PAS and PAS-AB and the connective tissue of lamina propria and submucosa of ileocaecal patch and connective tissue of submucosa of rectum showed moderate reaction for PAS-AB. But, other areas were devoid of acid mucopolysaccharides in the colon in the present study.

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Back ground: The vulnerability of the buffalo to the luxation of the hip articulation previous to and during parturition encouraged the investigation in this species. The literature reviewed did not reveal complete anatomical descriptions of the coxofemoral articulation of buffalo. Hence the study was undertaken. Purpose: to study the different anatomical aspects of the hip joint which are specific to buffaloes. Methods and Results: A total number of fifteen hip joints of buffalo calves procured from the local slaughter house and department of Veterinary Anatomy were studied in the Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Science, Tirupati irrespective of breed, sex and nutritional status. The gross morphology of joints and relations were studied. The round ligament of buffalo was stronger compared to cattle. A thick fibrous stratum of articular capsule was present. A few arched and semi-circular fibers were seen in the articular capsule but zona orbicularis was absent. The best developed periarticular ligament in the buffalo hip was the iliofemoral ligament. It was a thick cord of connective tissue extending from a nodule below and behind the ischiatic spine and spreaded over the capsula articularis and finally attached to the trochanter major and trochanteric ridge. The pubocapsular ligament was located on the ventral surface of the joint capsule and blended with it. Compared to the most of other quadripeds the periarticular ligaments were well developed in buffalo. The iliofemoral ligament was mostly helpful in preventing the hip from excessive extension and adduction. The relative development of the periarticular ligaments in the biped and quadrupeds were probably in accordance with comparative weight that this articulation must support. Potential implications: An understanding of the basic anatomy of the hip helps in understanding pathology and can greatly assist the surgeon in appropriately diagnosing and treating the problems.

"The text book entitled “Fundamentals of Veterinary Anatomy” has been prepared for the benefit of B.V.Sc & A.H students as per the Veterinary Council of India (MSVE 2016) syllabus. Previously, the Veterinary Anatomy course was used to be taught system wise to the BVSc & A.H students in first and second academic years. But in the MSVE 2016 regulations the students have to study the entire Anatomy course in the first professional year only on Regional approach. This prompted us to prepare a book as per the MSVE 2016 syllabus to meet the requirements of the students and Faculty. The material available in the this book has been prepared based on our previous experiences in practical classes and also some information was collected from the standard text books of Veterinary Anatomy and also Madras Veterinary College Lecture Notes prepared by Faculty of Madras Veterinary College, Chennai. In this book every topic is supported by hand drawn diagrams and photographs of original specimens available in the department."

The histochemical aspects of cerebral and cerebellar cortices were studied in Large White Yorkshire cross-bred pigs at different age groups. The neuronal cells and neuropil of cerebral neocortex, the neuropil and Purkinje cell layer of cerebellar cortex showed positive for PAS, Alkaline phosphatase and Acid phosphatase activities in all age groups of pigs. However the PAS, Alkaline phosphatase and Acid phosphatase activity was stronger in finisher age group. Negative Alkaline phosphatase activity was observed in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices of preweaner age group. The amount of fat deposition in cerebral and cerebellar cortices was more in the finisher age group when compared to preweaner pigs.