Background: Irrational use of antibiotics and wrong practicing behavior leads to the problem of antimicrobial resistance. This can be confronted by spreading awareness with the assistance of doctors in a community. Aims and Objectives: The purpose of our study is to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practicing behavior regarding personal use of antibiotics and awareness of antimicrobial resistance in urban and semi-urban population. Materials and Methods: This is a questionnaire-based cross-sectional study, conducted in July–September 2022 at Shadan Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad. Participants were divided into (1) urban coming from Greater Hyderabad municipal corporation limits and (2) semi-urban coming from Rangareddy district. Institutional ethical committee approval was obtained before the study. After obtaining consent from 130 participants, regional and English language questionnaires were distributed, data were collected and analyzed. Results: The study showed a majority (61.5%) in 18–40 years age group with female predominance (63.8%). Most of them had formal education (73%) with a middle-class background (39.2%). The actual knowledge of participants seems to be accurate (96.9%) about antibiotics. Most of the participants reported inappropriate antibiotic use such as disposal (63.1%), skipped doses (61.5%), without medical advice (62.3%), increased dose duration (60.8%), and decreased dose duration (64.6%) drug intake as per their understanding. Cold and flu (45.4%) were an indication for an antibiotic prescription. According to majority, hospital hygiene (51.5%) must be focused to slow down the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance. A significant difference between urban and semi-urban community members in knowledge (χ2 = 47.250, P = 0.01), attitude (χ2 = 46.357, P = 0.01), and practicing behavior (χ2 = 21.373, P = 0.02) was noticed. Conclusions: Urban showed accurate knowledge toward antimicrobial resistance. Attitude and practicing behavior of semi-urban population was noteworthy on antimicrobial resistance. Awareness regarding the rational use of antibiotics needs to be imparted by doctors. They should address about it sensibly and timely in community to avoid misuse or overuse of antibiotics.

Background: Antimicrobials' irrational use is leading to antimicrobial resistance. This situation has become a public health care issue and must be tackled by clinicians. The awareness about antimicrobial resistance and proper usage by patients must be looked after by clinicians. Hence, the present study was taken to determine the knowledge, attitude, and practicing behaviour regarding antimicrobial use and awareness of antimicrobial resistance among clinicians.Methods: The study was conducted on clinicians in a tertiary care hospital. A standardized questionnaire was distributed to 110 participants and ethical approval was taken before the study. Data was analyzed using SPSS software. For data comparisons, chi-square tests were used. P≤0.05*, considered significant.Results: The study showed a majority in the 25-34 years of age group with male predominance. Many belonged to the 1-0 years of practicing group and the majority were physicians. The antibiotic resistance subject was highly relevant to clinicians, according to them awareness can be spread by proper and precise intake of antibiotics by patients. The relationship between the predominant age group and years of practice revealed good knowledge (χ2=56.703, p=0.01), fair attitude (χ2=69.556, p=0.01), and good practicing behavior (χ2=43.047, p=0.01).Conclusions: Clinicians were aware of antimicrobial resistance issue globally but irrelevant in their own practice. Patient awareness campaigns and educational programs need to be conducted. Lack of time and patient interest are the barriers to be overcome to spread awareness. The prescribing of antimicrobials should be in a controlled way with the implementation of ethical principles for better patients' health safety.

Introduction: Inflammatory markers like Tumour Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) play intermediary role in insulin resistance, pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and its complications. Hence, antidiabetic drugs having anti-inflammatory effects may play an important role in management of T2DM and prevention of its complications. Aim: To study the effect of glimepiride versus teneligliptin on TNF-α, high sensitivity C-reactive Protein (hsCRP) and Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DPN) in T2DM patients on metformin. Materials and Methods: The randomised, double-blind, parallel group study was conducted in Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, from April 2018 to October 2019. Total 44 participants were screened and 40 participants of either gender, age range of 35-65 years, Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥25-≤35 kg/m2 and Fasting Blood Sugar ≥126 to ≤200 mg/dL, and glycosylated-haemoglobin (HbA1c) 7.0 to ≤10.0% were included into the study. The T2DM patients (N=40) on metformin (1500- 2500 mg/day) were randomised to receive glimepiride (2 mg/day) and teneligliptin (20 mg/day) in group A and group B for 12 weeks, respectively. TNF-α, hsCRP and Vibration-Perception Threshold (VPT) at baseline, 4 weeks and 12 weeks were evaluated for all participants. FBS, HbA1c, Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) were also recorded. Unpaired t-test and repeated-measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for normally-distributed variables using Shapiro-Wilk’s test was done. Mann-Whitney and Friedman’s test for non normally distributed variables; for between-group and within-group analysis, respectively were done. Results: Forty T2DM patients (17 males and 23 females) with mean age of 49.45±6.8 and 50.3±7.9 years, were studied. The mean TNF-α level reduced significantly, in group B (159.25±58.58 to 83.15±26.18 pg/mL; p-value<0.001) from baseline to 12 weeks. Similar significant reduction was seen in the group A (175.2±66.13 to 116.15±63.32 pg/mL; p-value<0.05). There was significant reduction observed in mean VPT-scores (25±6 to 18.0±5.22 V; p-value<0.001) and (26±12.11 to 25±12 V; p-value<0.05) in group B and group A, at 12 weeks, respectively. However, both study groups showed non significant decrease in mean hsCRP levels at 12 weeks. There was a non significant reduction in all study parameters at four weeks. Mean percentage reduction of 34% and 44% in TNF-α, 13% and 11% in hsCRP and 7% and 27% in VPT-scores was observed in group A and group B, respectively at 12 weeks. Improvement in FBS and HbA1c levels (p-value<0.001) was observed in both study groups. Both treatments were tolerated well and no serious adverse drug reactions were observed. Conclusion: Teneligliptin by reducing TNF-α level, demonstrated modest anti-inflammatory activity along with metformin, by 12 weeks. It also improved VPT-scores. Glimepiride showed lesser degree of anti-inflammatory activity compared to teneligliptin. Both study drugs did not affect hsCRP levels.

Background: Self-medication, as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), is the use of medicinal products to treat self-diagnosed disorders or symptoms. Medical students have knowledge about diseases and drugs through textbooks and clinical exposure and self-medication is a common practice among them. Aim and Objective: This study was conducted to explore the perceptions and practices of self-medication among interns at Shadan Institute of Medical Sciences (SIMS), Hyderabad, and to make them aware about the consequences of self-medication in the form of adverse drug reactions, drug interactions, drug dependence, and abuse. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire-based and cross-sectional analysis of interns at SIMS. Hyderabad, India, was performed between June 2022 and August 2022. One hundred and twenty-six students were given a questionnaire about perceptions and practices of self-medication. Analysis of Data was done and data were processed as counts and percentages. Results: Self-medication was practiced among (76%) of students and it was significantly higher in females (68.6%) than in males (31.4%). Headache was the most frequent symptom that lead to self-medication and was seen in (90%). This was followed by cold and cough as reported by (81%) of students. Self-medication with analgesics was reported in (90%) of students, followed by antipyretics (67%) of students and later antibiotics by (62%) of students. Conclusions: This study showed that self-medication was widely practiced among interns at SIMS. Analgesics and antipyretics are the most popular drugs among all the drugs used for self-medication. There is a need to educate the interns and also the medical students, who are the future practicing doctors about the pros and cons of self-medication.

Background: Irrational use of antimicrobials and inaccurate practicing behavior leads to the issue of antibiotic resistance. This can be tackled by spreading awareness with the assistance of future medical practitioners. Hence, the present study was taken to determine the knowledge, attitude, and practicing behavior regarding antimicrobial use and awareness of antimicrobial resistance among interns and postgraduates.Methods: The study was conducted on interns and postgraduates in a tertiary care hospital. A standardized questionnaire was distributed to 120 participants and Ethical approval was taken before the study. Data was analyzed using SPSS software. For data comparisons, Chi-square tests were used, p≤0.05 is considered significant.Results: The study showed a majority in the 25 to 34 years of age group with female predominance. The subject of antibiotic resistance was moderately relevant to a majority, which highlighted a need for an increase in awareness workshops. The actual knowledge of respondents seems to be accurate in the study, a fair amount of attitude and practicing behavior was observed as well. A significant difference between the interns and postgraduates in knowledge (χ2=13.736, p=0.03), attitude (χ2=68.091, p=0.01), and practice (χ2=34.821, p=0.01) were noticed.Conclusions: Accurate knowledge and practicing behavior were observed in postgraduates and a fair attitude was observed in interns towards antimicrobial use and resistance. The awareness must be extended regarding this issue by conducting educational programs and by updating guidelines. Advancement in antibiotic prescribing pattern is required.