Lupinus mutabilis has protein (32.0-52.6 g/100 g dry weight) and lipid (13.0-24.6 g/100 g dry weight) contents similar to soya bean (Glycine max). The Ω3, Ω6, and Ω9 contents are 1.9-3.0, 26.5-39.6, and 41.2-56.2 g/100 g lipid, respectively. Lupins can be used to fortify the protein content of pasta, bread, biscuits, salads, hamburgers, sausages, and can substitute milk and soya bean. Specific lupin protein concentrates or isolates display protein solubility (>90%), water-absorption capacity (4.5 g/g dry weight), oil-absorption capacity (3.98 g/g), emulsifying capacity (2000 mL of oil/g), emulsifying stability (100%, 60 hours), foaming capacity (2083%), foaming stability (78.8%, 36 hours), and least gelation concentration (6%), which are of industrial interest. Lupins contain bitter alkaloids. Preliminary studies on their toxicity suggest as lethal acute dose for infants and children 10 mg/kg bw and for adults 25 mg/kg bw. However, alkaloids can also have medical use for their hypocholesterolemic, antiarrhythmic, and immunosuppressive activity. Bitter lupins can be detoxified by biological, chemical, or aqueous processes. The shortest debittering process requires one hour. This review presents the nutritional composition of lupins, their uses (as food, medicine, and functional protein isolates), toxicology, and debittering process scenarios. It critically evaluates the data, infers conclusions, and makes suggestions for future research.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), it is estimated that each year approximately 11 million people suffer from burn wounds, 180,000 of whom die because of such injuries. Regardless of the factors causing burns, these are complicated wounds that are difficult to heal and are associated with high mortality rates. Medical care of a burn patient requires a lot of commitment, experience, and multidirectional management, including surgical activities and widely understood pharmacological approaches. This paper aims to comprehensively review the current literature concerning burn wounds, including classification of burns, complications, medical care, and pharmacological treatment. We also overviewed the dressings (with an emphasis on the newest innovations in this field) that are currently used in medical practice to heal wounds.
Cold water processing by soaking, cooking and washing has been used for hundreds of years to produce debittered lupine in the Andean region. The process of debittering lupine (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet) was investigated at semi‐industrial village‐scale and laboratory scale in Ecuador. The process took 5.7 ± 1.0 days, removed 94.9% of the total alkaloids, used water at almost 62 times the weight of the raw dry and bitter lupine, and caused a 22% loss of total solids, principally fat, minerals and carbohydrates. During the debittering process the microbiological quality deteriorated. Mathematical modeling based on Fickian diffusion suggested that the diffusion coefficient of alkaloids would be expected to be between 10−10 and 10−11 m2/s because the lupine endosperm is a polymer matrix whose properties change during processing. Of the process operations, cooking was the most efficient at removing alkaloids both in terms of time and water used, followed by soaking and washing. Practical Applications The current debittering process of bitter toxic lupine in San Pedro, Ecuador, is effective but consumes much water and time. During the process, not only alkaloids are removed but also 22% of total solids, principally fats, minerals and carbohydrates. The microbiological quality of the product deteriorates during this long processing time. Improving the efficiency of the debittering process would reduce water consumption, save time and improve the nutritional and microbiological quality of the final product. Future work will focus on strategies to optimize the debittering process.
Coraz więcej dowodów wskazuje, że neurotropowy czynnik pochodzenia mózgowego BDNF (ang. brain derived neurotrophic factor) to najbardziej rozpowszechniona neurotrofina w układzie nerwowym, która odgrywa ważną rolę jako wskaźnik skutecznie realizowanej rehabilitacji wobec osób z rozpoznaniem schizofrenii. Obecnie, w oparciu o nowoczesną diagnostykę laboratoryjną i aparaturową możliwe jest diagnozowanie deficytów, które wpływają na poziom funkcjonowania chorych, a na ich podstawie ustalanie indywidualnego programu readaptacyjnego, uwzględniającego różne formy terapii, w różnych środowiskach. W oparciu o przegląd dostępnego piśmiennictwa w pracy zaprezentowano dotychczasowe wyniki badań analizujących związek pomiędzy wybranymi oddziaływaniami rehabilitacyjnymi stosowanymi u pacjentów z rozpoznaniem schizofrenii, a zmianami stężenia BDNF - związku pomiędzy poziomem BDNF z aktywnością fizyczną oraz z terapią EEG Biofeedback. Badania dotyczące zastosowania prezentowanej metody wydają się wskazywać na użyteczność czynnika BDNF w ocenie skuteczności realizowanych oddziaływań rehabilitacyjnych w tej grupie chorych. Zmiany w stężeniu czynnika neurotropowego mogą być wskaźnikiem synergizmu ośrodkowego i obwodowego układu nerwowego, a wysokie stężenia BDNF uwarunkowane aktywnością fizyczną oraz neuromodulacyjnym efektem terapii EEG Biofeedback mogą wskazywać na ich skuteczność. Wykorzystanie różnych metod neurorehabilitacyjnych może poprawić funkcjonowanie społeczne osób chorych na schizofrenię. Traktowanie BDNF jako biologicznego wskaźnika tych procesów może być interesującą hipotezą.
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