IntroductionAntimicrobials are the natural or synthetic agents that hinder the growth of microorganisms or kills microorganisms. 1 The excess use of antibiotics leads to antimicrobial resistance. 2 As synthetic drugs have many disadvantages such as drug resistance and toxicity so, natural products or essentials oils can be used to overcome the side effects. Essential oils (EOs) and Plant extracts have gained much attention due to their antimicrobial activity as well as flavoring agent. 3 "Essential oil" referred to as a product obtained from distillation with water/ steam, via mechanical process, vegetable raw material, or by using dry distillation. Conventionally, essential oils have bactericidal, fungicidal, virucidal, insecticidal, antiparasitic, and further therapeutic properties such as sedative, anti-inflammatory, locally anesthetic remedies, analgesic, and spasmolytic. 4 The efficacy of natural products can be determined by its chemical properties and concentration of the effective component present in it. Components having antimicrobial properties include thiosulfinates, glucosinolates, flavonoids, organic acids, saponins, and phenolics. 5,6 The effectiveness of herbal compounds has regained the interest of academicians and researchers for the fabrication of plant-based medicines as

Background: Bone is a dynamic tissue that continuously undergoes the modeling and remodeling process to maintain its strength and firmness. Bone remodeling is determined by functioning of osteoblast and osteoclast cells activity. The imbalance between functioning of osteoclast and osteoblast cells leads to osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is divided into primary and secondary osteoporosis. Generally, osteoporosis is diagnosed by measuring bone mineral density (BMD) and various osteoblast and osteoclast cell markers. Methods: Relevant literature reports have been studied and data collected using various search engines like google scholar, scihub, sciencedirect, pubmed etc. A thorough understanding of mechanism of bone targeting strategies has been discussed and related literature has been studied and compiled. Results: Bone remodeling process has been described in detail including various approaches for targeting bone. Several bone targeting moieties has been stated in detail alongwith their mechanism. Targeting of osteoclasts and osteoblasts using various nanocarriers has been discussed in separate sections. The toxicity issues or Biosafety related to use of nanomaterials has been covered. Conclusion: The treatment of osteoporosis targets the inhibition of bone resorption and use of agents that promote bone mineralization to slow disease progression. Current osteoporosis therapy involves use of targeting moieties such as bisphosphonates and tetracyclines for targeting of various drugs. Nanotechnology has been used for targeting of various drug molecules such as RANKL-inhibitors, parathyroid hormone analogues, estrogen agonists and antagonists, Wnt signaling enhancer and calcitonin specifically to bone tissue (osteoclast and osteoblasts). So, a multicomponent treatment strategy targeting both the bone cells will be more effective rather than targeting only osteoclasts and it will be potential area of research in bone targeting used to treat osteoporosis. The first section of review article covers various aspects of bone targeting. Another section comprises of details of various targeting moieties such as bisphosphonates, tetracyclines; and various nanocarriers developed to target osteoclast and osteoblast cells and summarized data on in vivo models used for assessment of bone targeting, drawbacks of current strategies and future perspectives.

Background: Coronavirus has become a life- threatening disease and it is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). This new strain of coronavirus is not completely understood and to date, there is no treatment of coronavirus. Traditional ayurvedic medicines mainly essential oils and Chinese herbs have always played a vital role in the prevention and treatment of several epidemics and pandemics. In the meantime, guidelines of the ministry of AYUSH (Ayurveda, yoga, unani, siddha and homoepathy) include a traditional medicinal treatment for flu and fever and also recommended to boost immunity to prevent the spread of coronavirus. It is not possible to find which essential oil will offer the best level of protection. However, it is likely to assume that some essential oils are likely to offer a measurable level of defense in the same way they do with many other known viruses. Methods: Literature relevant to various essential oils having antiviral activity has been collected and compiled. Various nanocarriers of essential oils have also been stated. The database was collected using various search engines such as jgate, google scholar, scihub, pubmed, sciencedirect etc. Results: Essential oils contain active constituents such as phenolics compounds, terpenoids, alkaloids, phenyl propanoids etc., which are responsible for their biological properties such as antiviral, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antioxidant activities and many more. But the use of essential oils has always been limited due to poor solubility, solvent toxicity, volatility and low solubility. Many nanotechnology based carriers especially, liposomes, dendrimers, nanoparticles, nanoemulsion and microemulsion etc. have been evidenced to overcome limitations associated with essential oils. Conclusion: Several essential oils possess potent antiviral activity and are characterized by fewer side effects and are safe to human use. The nanocarrier systems of these oils have proved the potential to treat viral and bacterial infections.

Polymers have been widely used for the development of drug delivery systems accommodating the regulated release of therapeutic agents in consistent doses over a long period, cyclic dosing, and the adjustable release of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs. Nowadays, polymer blends are increasingly employed in drug development as they generate more promising results when compared to those of homopolymers. This review article describes the recent research efforts focusing on the utilization of chitosan blends with other polymers in an attempt to enhance the properties of chitosan. Furthermore, the various applications of chitosan blends in drug delivery are thoroughly discussed herein. The literature from the past ten years was collected using various search engines such as ScienceDirect, J-Gate, Google Scholar, PubMed, and research data were compiled according to the various novel carrier systems. Nanocarriers made from chitosan and chitosan derivatives have a positive surface charge, which allows for control of the rate, duration, and location of drug release in the body, and can increase the safety and efficacy of the delivery system. Recently developed nanocarriers using chitosan blends have been shown to be cost-effective, more efficacious, and prolonged release carriers that can be incorporated into suitable dosage forms.

Bone diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, Paget's disease, and osteoporosis cause mortality and mobility limits. Nanomedicine and nano delivery systems have been utilised to deliver active drug moiety to the precisely targeted site in a controlled manner, and it serves as a means of diagnostic tools. The utilisation of nanomedicine is expanding vigorously for assured targeting and efficient drug delivery. Nanotechnology offers various advantages, such as site-specific targeting, precise drug release kinetics, and improved bone mineral density. Recent medications available for osteoporosis aren't viable due to the adverse effects associated with them and low patient compliance. There is an urgent need to develop biocompatible and appropriate drug delivery nanocarriers such as nanoparticles, liposomes, hydrogels, dendrimers, micelles, mesoporous particles, etc. These carriers enhance drug delivery and therapeutic effectiveness in bone tissues. The use of nanotechnology is also associated with toxicity. This article presents the review of various reports on nanocarrier systems and biologics for the treatment of osteoporosis. It aims to provide researchers with a clue for inventing a new drug delivery system with site-specific targeting for the treatment of osteoporosis.