Many major rival models of the origin of the Hindu caste system co-exist despite extensive studies, each with associated genetic evidences. One of the major factors that has still kept the origin of the Indian caste system obscure is the unresolved question of the origin of Y-haplogroup R1a1*, at times associated with a male-mediated major genetic influx from Central Asia or Eurasia, which has contributed to the higher castes in India. Y-haplogroup R1a1* has a widespread distribution and high frequency across Eurasia, Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent, with scanty reports of its ancestral (R*, R1* and R1a*) and derived lineages (R1a1a, R1a1b and R1a1c). To resolve these issues, we screened 621 Y-chromosomes (of Brahmins occupying the upper-most caste position and schedule castes/tribals occupying the lower-most positions) with 55 Y-chromosomal binary markers and seven Y-microsatellite markers and compiled an extensive dataset of 2809 Y-chromosomes (681 Brahmins, and 2128 tribals and schedule castes) for conclusions. A peculiar observation of the highest frequency (up to 72.22%) of Yhaplogroup R1a1* in Brahmins hinted at its presence as a founder lineage for this caste group. Further, observation of R1a1* in different tribal population groups, existence of Y-haplogroup R1a* in ancestors and extended phylogenetic analyses of the pooled dataset of 530 Indians, 224 Pakistanis and 276 Central Asians and Eurasians bearing the R1a1* haplogroup supported the autochthonous origin of R1a1 lineage in India and a tribal link to Indian Brahmins. However, it is important to discover novel Y-chromosomal binary marker(s) for a higher resolution of R1a1* and confirm the present conclusions.

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Childhood pneumonia is one of the leadingcause of mortality in children aged less than five years. Mothers are the primary care giver, if they would possess adequate knowledge regarding prevention of pneumonia through information booklet then they can apply the same in their practice. Main objective of the study was to assess the effectiveness of information booklet on knowledge & practice about prevention of pneumonia among mothers of under five children admitted to paediatric ward of a selected hospital of Odisha. Pre-experimental one group pre test and post test research design was adopted in this study.50 mothers who met the inclusion criteria were selected as study subjects by using non-probability purposive sampling technique. Result of the study shows that 52% of mothers had no knowledge regarding prevention of pneumonia. The't' value for knowledge& practice test are 35.78& 14.68 respectively which are much greater than t(49) at 0.05 significance level(2.01) inboth indicating effectiveness of information booklet in increasing knowledge & knowledge on practice. The calculated 'r' value of post test knowledge and practice scores i.e. 0.2783 indicating positive significant relationship i.e.r (48)>0.273 significance at 0.05 level. The study has implications in various fields of nursing& based on the findings many recommendations were made for future research.

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