This research task is based on application analysis of the Marxist’s “The Deficient Feminine Nature Theory (DFNT)” which explains the nature of people’s attitude especially of males and this attitude’s underlying causes towards females. This theory provides and furthers the explanation of the phenomenon that how the women are unjustly exploited on the basis of this assumption that they are deficient. The core objective of the research has been to analyze the functional-ability of the said theory in the context of the society of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, a traditional and cultural values preserving society within the world. A number of 600 male respondents were interviewed of married status who were within the age group ranging from 25 years to 55 years; this category of the respondents were selected with the assumption that they may have a significant influential status over females within the community. The North-Western province i.e. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) was selected at random for samples’ selection.

The study underlines the socio-cultural obstacles to women’s empowerment in the target area. Kohat district was chosen as locale of the study. 78 women working in 3 different Technical and Vocational Training Institutes were randomly interviewed for the study. Structured interview schedule was used as tool for collecting data from the sample respondents. The results of the study indicate that Socio-Cultural hindrances exist and are obstructing women empowerment in the target area. The condition can be improved by creating socio-cultural values favourable to women empowerment through education, jobs, decision-making power and by avoiding misinterpretation of religion etc.

Divorce is the lawful form of dissolution of a marriage, which is permitted by Allah Almighty only in unavoidable unconducive conditions, hence it is still the most disliked act near to Him among lawful acts. The divorce has severe socio-psychological outcomes for stakeholders, particularly children from divorced spouses are at worst hit. Today's children are the tomorrow's vital human resource. The main objective of this research has been to analyze social and psychological impacts of divorce on the divorced spouses' children. Hypothesis of study was that parental divorce affects the children adversely in psycho-social terms. The universe selected for this study was province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. A number of 30 respondents were purposively selected, while using non-probability sampling technique. The respondents were juveniles having their ages ranging between 5 years to less than 18 years; these juveniles' parents were divorced. The Interview was used as method of data collection. The results of study shows that parental divorce affect their juveniles in terms of parental loss associated with emotional and economic loss, stress in life, complex dynamics in relationships, social and psychological problems etc. It is recommended that every possible effort should be made to maintain the marital tie intact, and if in some case, Allah forbid, the divorce occurred, even then children should be supported by both parent, by society and by the state.

Purpose of the study: The qualitative study has been designed with the primary objective to find the impact of and link between modernization and the changing facets of the family institution. The study also focused on exploring the various dimensions of modernization responsible for bringing change in the family institution. Methodology: The data was collected from the different nature of potential participants from all seven tehsils of district Swat, Pakistan. In-depth interviews (IDIs) and focus group discussion (FDG) were incorporated as research instruments, whereas an interview guide was used under IDIs and FGDs. The collected data were processed under the frame of qualitative research approach wherein after transcribing, and coding of the data themes was identified. Main Findings: The thematic analysis of family structure, patriarchy, decision making in the family, and ways of communication exposed that due to modernization, the family institution is under continuous change. Applications of this study: The research results can be applied to such studies that focus on changes in family institutions, communities with similar socio-cultural characteristics. Novelty/Originality of this study: The unique feature of this study is that such kinds of topics have been very rarely investigated in the context of Pakistani society and especially in Pakhtun culture.

No abstract