For many pollinators, flowers provide predictable temporal schedules of resource availability, meaning an ability to learn time-dependent information could be widely beneficial. However, this ability has only been demonstrated in a handful of species. Observations of Heliconius butterflies suggest that they may have an ability to form time-dependent foraging preferences. Heliconius are unique among butterflies in actively collecting pollen, a dietary behaviour linked to spatio-temporally faithful ‘trap-line' foraging. Time dependency of foraging preferences is hypothesized to allow Heliconius to exploit temporal predictability in alternative pollen resources. Here, we provide the first experimental evidence in support of this hypothesis, demonstrating that Heliconius hecale can learn opposing colour preferences in two time periods. This shift in preference is robust to the order of presentation, suggesting that preference is tied to the time of day and not due to ordinal or interval learning. However, this ability is not limited to Heliconius , as previously hypothesized, but also present in a related genus of non-pollen feeding butterflies. This demonstrates time learning likely pre-dates the origin of pollen feeding and may be prevalent across butterflies with less specialized foraging behaviours.

Vasopressins are evolutionarily conserved peptide hormones. Mammalian vasopressin functions systemically as an antidiuretic and regulator of blood and cardiac flow essential for adapting to terrestrial environments. Moreover, vasopressin acts centrally as a neurohormone involved in social and parental behavior and stress response. Vasopressin synthesis in several cell types, storage in intracellular vesicles, and release in response to physiological stimuli are highly regulated and mediated by three distinct G protein coupled receptors. Other receptors may bind or cross-bind vasopressin. Vasopressin is regulated spatially and temporally through transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms, sex, tissue, and cell-specific receptor expression. Anomalies of vasopressin signaling have been observed in polycystic kidney disease, chronic heart failure, and neuropsychiatric conditions. Growing knowledge of the central biological roles of vasopressin has enabled pharmacological advances to treat these conditions by targeting defective systemic or central pathways utilizing specific agonists and antagonists.

Mosquitoes in general and Culex quinquefasciatus in particular have for a long time constituted a source of nuisance due to the diseases they transmit, stings and annoying buzzing. They are also a public health problem. This is why this study is aimed at finding a biopesticide that can fight effectively but also be an alternative to chemical residual pesticides in the environment. Concentrations of biopesticides used are ranged from 2.5 10 8 to 12.5 10 8 spores/ml with intervals of 2.5 10 8 spores/ml for Metarhizium anisopliae. Concentrations ranging beetween 8 10-4 g/ml to 40 10-4 g/ml with intervals of 8 10-4 g/ml of Azadirachta indica (Suneem 1%) were used to fight against 100 three instars larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus. Concentrations of the mixture of Azadirachta indica (Sunnem 1%) and Metharhium anisopliae ranging from 0.02 ml +2 10 8 spores/ml to 0.02 ml + 1 10 8 spores/ml were used to study synergic effects of these two biopesticides. One hundred (100) of three instars larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus are used as control and placed in the same jars with 500 ml of distilled water. Metarhizium anisopliae (green muscle) have caused 50% mortality of three instars larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus after 3 days. Azadirachia indica (Suneem 1%) have gaved a mortality more than 60% after 2 days. The mixture Azadirachta indica (Suneem1%) and Metarhizuim anisopliae caused a high mortality with a rate that exceeds 90% in 3 days. The mixture also prevented a larval moult thus stopping their growth and development. In summary, both Metharizium anisopliae and Azadirachta indica (Suneem 1%) are effective against three instars larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus. Their mixture caused a synergic effect and thus increased their individual efficacy of two biopesticides.

4For many pollinators, flowers provide predictable temporal schedules of resource availability, 1 5 meaning an ability to learn time-dependent information could be widely beneficial. However, 1 6 this ability has only been demonstrated in a handful of species. Observational studies of 1 7Heliconius butterflies suggest that they may have an ability to form time-dependent foraging 1 8 preferences. Heliconius are unique among butterflies in actively collecting and digesting pollen, 1 9 a dietary behaviour linked to spatiotemporally faithful 'trap-line' foraging. Time-dependency of 2 0foraging preferences is hypothesised to allow Heliconius to exploit temporal predictability in 2 1 alternative pollen resources, as well as contributing to optimal use of learnt foraging routes. 2Here, we provide the first experimental evidence in support of this hypothesis, demonstrating 2 3 that Heliconius hecale can learn opposing colour preferences in two time periods. This shift in 2 4preference is robust to the order of presentation, suggesting that preference is tied to the time of 2 5 day and not due to ordinal learning. However, we also show that this ability is not limited to 2 6Heliconius, as previously hypothesised, but is also present in a related genus of non-pollen 2 7 feeding butterflies. This demonstrates that time learning pre-dates the origin of pollen-feeding 2 8and may be prevalent across butterflies with less specialized foraging behaviours. 2 9 3 0 2