Chondroitin sulfate (CS) being a natural glycosaminoglycan is found in the cartilage and extracellular matrix. It shows clinical benefits in symptomatic osteoarthritis (OA) of the finger, knee, hip joints, low back, facial joints and other diseases due to its anti-inflammatory activity. It also helps in OA by providing resistance to compression, maintaining the structural integrity, homeostasis, slows breakdown and reduces pain in sore muscles. It is most often used in combination with glucosamine to treat OA. CS is a key role player in the regulation of cell development, cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Its commercial applications have been continuously explored in the engineering of biological tissues and its combination with other biopolymers to formulate scaffolds which promote and accelerate the regeneration of damaged structure. It is approved in the USA as a dietary supplement for OA, while it is used as a symptomatic slow-acting drug (SYSADOA) in Europe and some other countries. Any significant side effects or overdoses of CS have not been reported in clinical trials suggesting its long-term safety. This review highlights the potential of CS, either alone or in combination with other drugs, to attract the scientists engaged in OA treatment and management across the world.

CS-SLN could be potentially effective vector for the treatment or management of OA.

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Background: Tapentadol hydrochloride (TAP) is a novel opioid that binds and activates opioid receptor in the central nervous system to modify the approach our body interprets pain. It hasdual mechanism of action (mu opioid-receptor agonist and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor), this feature makes it an attractivemember of opioid class. The Objective: aim of the present study was to develop and validate a simple, rapid, selective, sensitive, accurate and precise High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection method to quantify TAP in rat plasma. Material and methods: Different analytical parameters, such as linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity with intentional degradation, limit of detection and limit of quantification (LOQ), were determined according to the ICH guidelines. The chromatographic separation of tapentadol hydrochloride was achieved with LC-2010 HT column using a mobile phase, potassium phosphate buffer: acetonitrile (50:50 v/v) at flow rate 1.0 ml/min. using a UV detector set at 272 nm with a continuous run up to 5 min. Plasma samples were processed using acetonitrile as precipitating agent to extract drug. The linearity for tapentadol hydrochloride was found to be 100-1000 ng/ml with Results and conclusion: regression coefficient (r)> 0.9970. The recovery ranged from 98.9 to 100.8% for the drug with a relative standard 2 deviation (%RSD) of <2%. Stability analysis revealed that the drugs remained stable for sufficienttime. The limit of quantification in plasma for tapentadol hydrochloride was found to be 10ng/ml. The mean recovery was obtained at 98.96%. The chromatographic runs were specific with no interfering peaks at the retention times of the analytes confirmed by the experiments. The method can be used to perform pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence studies in rat blood/serum.