Inner-Mongolia Sanhe cattle are well-adapted to low-temperature conditions, but the metabolic mechanisms underlying their climatic resilience are still unknown. Based on the 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance platform, 41 metabolites were identified and quantified in the serum of 10 heifers under thermal neutrality (5 °C), and subsequent exposure to hyper-cold temperature (−32 °C) for 3 h. Subsequently, 28 metabolites were pre-filtrated, and they provided better performance in multivariate analysis than that of using 41 metabolites. This indicated the need for pre-filtering of the metabolome data in a paired experimental design. In response to the cold exposure challenge, 19 metabolites associated with cold stress response were identified, mainly enriched in “aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis” and “valine, leucine, and isoleucine degradation”. A further integration of metabolome and gene expression highlighted the functional roles of the DLD (dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase), WARS (tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase), and RARS (arginyl-tRNA synthetase) genes in metabolic pathways of valine and leucine. Furthermore, the essential regulations of SLC30A6 (solute carrier family 30 (zinc transporter), member 6) in metabolic transportation for propionate, acetate, valine, and leucine under severe cold exposure were observed. Our findings presented a comprehensive characterization of the serum metabolome of Inner-Mongolia Sanhe cattle, and contributed to a better understanding of the crucial roles of regulations in metabolites and metabolic pathways during cold stress events in cattle.

BackgroundInnate immunity to viruses involves receptors such as RIG-I, which senses viral RNA and triggers an IFN-β signaling pathway involving the outer mitochondrial membrane protein MAVS. However, the functional status of MAVS phosphorylation remains elusive.Methodology/Principal FindingsHere we demonstrate for the first time that MAVS undergoes extensive tyrosine phosphorylation upon viral infection, indicating that MAVS phosphorylation might play an important role in MAVS function. A tyrosine-scanning mutational analysis revealed that MAVS tyrosine-9 (Y9) is a phosphorylation site that is required for IFN-β signaling. Indeed, MAVS Y9F mutation severely impaired TRAF3/TRAF6 recruitment and displayed decreased tyrosine phosphorylation in response to VSV infection compared to wild type MAVS. Functionally, MAVS Y9 phosphorylation contributed to MAVS antiviral function without interfering with its apoptosis property.Conclusions/SignificanceThese experiments identify a novel residue of MAVS that is crucially involved in the recruitment of TRAF3/TRAF6 and in downstream propagation of MAVS signaling.

BACKGROUND Rex rabbits are important fur rabbits. Heat stress severely reduces the fur quality of Rex rabbits. The aim of this study was to experimentally investigate the effect of dietary vitamin A (VA) addition on hair follicle development and related signal pathways in Rex rabbits under heat stress. RESULTS In the experiment, 90 Rex rabbits were randomly divided into three groups: control group (20–25 °C, fed basic diet), heat stress group (30–34 °C, fed basic diet), and heat stress + VA group (20–25 °C, fed 12 000 IU/kg VA in addition to the basic diet). VA could significantly increase the hair follicle density (P < 0.01), hair length (P < 0.05), and the ratio of secondary to primary hair follicles (P < 0.05). In addition, VA could significantly inhibit the expression of BMP2, BMP4, FGF5, TGF‐β1, and miR‐214 in heat‐stressed Rex rabbits and significantly increase the expression of noggin, IGF1, IGF1R, Wnt10b, CTNNB1, SHH, and miR‐203 and the levels of Wnt10b and p‐β‐catenin; however, there was no significant effect of VA on the expression of EGF and miR‐205. CONCLUSION The dietary addition of VA can increase the hair follicle density and fur quality of heat‐stressed Rex rabbits. Wnt10/β‐catenin, insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF1), fibroblast growth factor 5 (FGF5), noggin–BMP, and sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling were associated with VA regulation under heat stress. It is possible that miR‐205 and miR‐194 contribute to the regulation of Wnt10/β‐catenin and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

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