Background: Sneezing, postnasal drip, nasal pruritis, and nasal congestion are all signs of allergic rhinitis (AR), an atopic condition. It affects one in six people and is linked to high morbidity, severe productivity loss, and high healthcare expenses. In the past, AR was believed to be a nasal airway-specific disease. However, the emergence of the unified airway hypothesis has identified the atopic dermatitis (AD) and other related disorders, such as asthma, as components of systemic allergic reaction.Objective: Review of literature about assessment of Allergic Rhinitis from Medical Microbiology Background Methods: We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct for relevant articles on allergic rhinitis and medical microbiology background. However, only the most recent or thorough studies were taken into account between February 2001 and May 2023. The authors also evaluated the value of resources culled from other works in the same genre. Therefore, documents written in languages other than English have been ignored due to a lack of translation funds. Unpublished works, oral presentations, conference abstracts, and dissertations were generally agreed upon not to qualify as scientific research. Conclusion: Due to changes in the immune system, AR is an IgE-mediated illness that develops in genetically vulnerable people after exposure to environmental allergens. The majority of the common allergens linked to AR are proteins and glycoproteins present in airborne particles. As a result of the inhalation of allergen particles, the nasal epithelium becomes coated, allowing soluble allergenic proteins to elute and diffuse into the nasal mucosa. Numerous aeroallergens enhance allergen entry to antigen presentating cells (APCs) during the early sensitization process. In AR tight junctions in the airway epithelium are cleaved and epithelial cells are activated thanks to the protease activities of these proteins. Skin prick testing is used to confirm an AR diagnosis alongside a patient's history and a physical exam.

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Nasal cavity of healthy adults is dominated by nasal microbiome asCorynebacterium on the genus level. The interactions between the local microbiota and the human immune system have a significant impact on the frequency of allergic diseases. Each year, there are more cases of inflammatory nasal mucosal diseases including allergic rhinitis (AR). Many of these illnesses still have an unclear cause. Since nasal microbiota have been found to play important role in regulating immune function, dysbiosis of the nasal microbiota may be the cause of AR. Objective: Investigate association between dysbiosis of nasal microbiome (Corynebacterium genus) and AR in adult patients. Methodology: This case control study included 56 subjects (28 in case group and 28 in control group), all were subjected to skin prick test and nasal swab collection for identification and quantitation of Corynebacterium by cultivation and real time PCR. Results: There was a statistically significant lower Corynebacterium colony count and relative expression (RQ) of 16S rRNA gene in AR patients compared to control group. Corynebacterium RQ of 16S rRNA gene was better in assessment of AR severity (sensitivity of 80%, a specificity of 84.6% and 82% accuracy at cut off ≤0.187 fold change) than Corynebacterium colony count (sensitivity of 73.3%, a specificity of 62.5% and 70% accuracy at a cut off value of ≤19.5×10 3 CFU/ml). Conclusion: Patients with decreased Corynebacterium colony count and RQ of 16S rRNA gene have a higher risk for AR.