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I sincerely appreciate all the help and support from my family and friends in Jordan and Egypt and the ones I met in Iowa. Finally, my parents, my brother Ziad and sister Haneen, I would like to thank them all for their love and never ending support.

Purpose Mice and rats are commonly used to investigate in vivo nasal drug absorption, yet their small nasal cavities limit their use for in vitro investigations. Bovine tissue explants have been used to investigate drug transport through the nasal respiratory and olfactory mucosae, yet limited information is available regarding the similarities and differences among these animal models compared to humans. The aim of this study was to compare the presence of a number of important drug transporters in the nasal mucosa of these species. Methods DNA microarray results for nasal samples from humans, rats and mice were obtained from GenBank, while DNA microarray and RT-PCR were performed on bovine nasal explants. The drug transporters of interest include multidrug resistance, cation, anion, peptide, and nucleoside transporters. Results Each of the species (mouse, rat, cow and human) shows similar patterns of expression for most of the important drug transporters. Several transporters were highly expressed in all the species, including MRP1, OCTN2, PEPT2 and y+LAT2. Conclusion While some differences in transporter mRNA and protein expression were observed, the transporter expression patterns were quite similar among the species. The differences suggest that it is important to be aware of any specific differences in transporter expression for a given compound being investigated, yet the similarities support the continued use of these animal models during preclinical investigation of intranasally administered therapeutics.