IMPORTANCE Preoperative testing for cataract surgery epitomizes low-value care and still occurs frequently, even at one of the nation's largest safety-net health systems.OBJECTIVE To evaluate a multipronged intervention to reduce low-value preoperative care for patients undergoing cataract surgery and analyze costs from various fiscal perspectives.

SUMMARY Glaucoma affected the ability to detect low-contrast, flickering patterns ('DRC' measurement). DRC patterns were foveally viewed, of low spatial frequency, and flickering at 8 hertzInterocular comparisons were performed in control subjects, in ocular hypertensives, and in glaucoma patients with asymmetric damage. Interocular differences in DRC tended to be of greater magnitude in the glaucoma patients than in the ocular hypertensive patients or control subjects. In the glaucoma patients DRC was consistently lower in the eye with the greater field defect than in the other (more normal) eye. In patients with optic disc asymmetry DRC was lower in the eyewith the more abnormal disc. Treatment asymmetries did not appear to play a significant role in these relationships. When examined by interocular comparisons DRC showed no consistent relationship to Snellen visual acuity or to level of intraocular pressure at the time of DRC testing.The early stages of glaucomatous visual damage are generally detected outside of the central 5-10°of the visual field. As long as Snellen acuity remains good, it is ordinarily assumed that vision in the central field has not yet been affected by the disease process. However, we have found' abnormalities of central vision in glaucoma patients who had normal Snellen acuities. These abnormalities occurred in a variable named the 'dynamic response coefficient' or DRC, which is based on the contrast required for the detection of flickering patterns. Two types of stimuli, a homogeneous flickering field, and a counterphase flickering grating of low spatial frequency, were presented on a centrally fixated screen 40 of visual angle in diameter. The mean contrast sensitivity of these 2 stimuli (defined as the DRC) was consistently lower in glaucomatous than in normotensive eyes. Thus there appeared to be a relationship between central retinal performance, as measured by the DRC, and the more peripheral visual field defects detected by Goldmann kinetic perimetry.

The aim of this study was to develop new, sustainable treatments for the consolidation and conservation of canvas of modern and contemporary art. Because of the diversity of painting types, two product groups which have polar and nonpolar character were developed. The treatment should be applicable to the back side of the canvas. The deacidification agents are sub-µm-particles of calcium carbonate or magnesium oxide which are dispersed in water or heptane. The polar components are hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose and nanocrystalline cellulose which are biopolymers derived from renewable raw materials. The nonpolar products were obtained by the silylation of the raw materials and allow the solubility in nonpolar solvents as heptane. Each product was applied to highly degraded, acidic model cotton canvas as well as canvas from real paintings. The application of these products showed a good increase of breaking force at a low increase of the mass of the canvas and also had only slight optical changes of the canvas. The deacidification of canvasses is a good preventive measure and can protect canvasses from future damage by acidity. The deacidification agents showed an increase of pH from acidic to alkaline after the treatment and a deposition of an alkaline reserve.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the use of novel nanocellulose-based consolidants for modern easel paintings as a possible alternative to lining and to the use of common adhesives. Two dispersions of consolidants were tested: nanofibrillated (CNF) and nanocrystalline cellulose (CNC). A model cotton canvas was used to evaluate the effect of these consolidants following treatment by the nanocellulose-based formulations. The surface appearance of the canvases was assessed before and after treatment using colorimetry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Additionally, the characterisation of the mechanical properties of the samples was performed using tensile testing and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA-RH) at controlled relative humidity (RH) (3 RH cycles, 20-60-20% RH at 25 °C) before and after treatment. Finally, colour changes undergone by the samples upon accelerated ageing were measured by colorimetry. Taking into account the individual outcomes of each of these tests, it was possible to evaluate the merits and limitations of the use of nanocellulose treatments for the consolidation of modern painting canvases.