Aim:The present review is done to analyze the serum vitamin D levels in different phenotypes of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Objectives: To estimate the serum levels of vitamin D in women with PCOS and without PCOS. To find out the distribution of different phenotypes of PCOS. To compare the serum vitamin D levels in different phenotypes of PCOS. Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome is the most common heterogeneous multisystem endocrinopathy in women of reproductive age. It is further divided into four phenotypes based on Rotterdam criteria. Vitamin D levels are known to be low among women with PCOS. Only limited literature is available related to vitamin D deficiency and the phenotypes of PCOS. This review has highlighted the phenotypes of PCOS and their correlation with vitamin D levels. Methods: An electronic search strategy was used to select the studies from different databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, SciELO, and ResearchGate. A combination of keywords like vitamin D, PCOS, and phenotypes of PCOS were used to select the studies. Inclusion criteria were studies in English, duration of search of 18 months, case-control studies and cross-sectional studies only. Results: Phenotype A was the most frequently found phenotype among the different phenotypes of PCOS. After analyzing the data, there was a positive association between vitamin D and PCOS. Obese women were more prone to have vitamin D deficiency. Women with vitamin D deficiency were found to have ovarian dysfunction and insulin resistance. But there was no strong consensus on the association between vitamin D and phenotypes of PCOS. Conclusion:We found a statistically significant difference in mean serum vitamin D levels among the women with PCOS and without PCOS. The most common phenotype was phenotype A and the least common was phenotype D. There was no significant difference in serum vitamin D levels in respect to different phenotypes of PCOS. Further studies with larger sample size in each phenotype are recommended to conclusively establish the variation of serum vitamin D level in PCOS, particularly related to phenotypes. Clinical significance: Vitamin D supplementation was found to be beneficial for women with PCOS.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common heterogeneous multisystem endocrinopathy in women of reproductive age, with an ovarian manifestation of various metabolic disturbances. Based on Rotterdam criteria, PCOS is further classified into four phenotypes. Vitamin D deficiency affects 65- 75% of PCOS patients. There is very little research on the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and PCOS phenotypes. As a result, we intended to investigate the relationship between vitamin D, PCOS, and various PCOS phenotypes. This is a case-control study where we had been 100 people in the study. A total of 50 PCOS participants were classified into phenotype A, phenotype B, phenotype C, and phenotype D using Rotterdam criteria. There were 50 participants who did not have PCOS. Serum vitamin D levels were measured in the study population. The CIDRF (Central Inter-Disciplinary Research Facility) used an ELISA kit and reader to quantify vitamins. The results obtained were further classified as deficient (20ng/ml), insufficient (21-29ng/ml), and sufficient (30ng/ml). SPSS version 17 was used to analyse the results. The mean vitamin D level among women with PCOS was 15.9±9.3, women without PCOS was 20.5±9.2, the difference between the means was statistically significant(p-0.015). Among the participants with PCOS Phenotype A accounted for 36%, phenotype B 26%, phenotype C 20%, phenotype D 18%. The serum vitamin D levels among different phenotypes of PCOS was not statistically significant (p-0.978). There was no statistically significant difference in the mean vitamin D levels, among the phenotypes of PCOS (p - 0.978). Vitamin D deficiency was found to be more prevalent in women with PCOS in this study. In PCOS, it is recommended to screen for and treat with vitamin D. There is no significant difference between phenotypes.

Aim: One of the main factors responsible for the development of Candida albicans on the surface of denture is improper maintenance of dentures. Denture hygiene can be achieved by regular cleansing of dentures using an appropriate denture cleanser. The aim of the study is to evaluate the antifungal efficacy of commercially available denture cleanser and the extract of Turbinaria conoides seaweed against C. albicans adherent to the surface of denture base resin. Settings and Design: This was an in vitro experimental study. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four Acrylic resin samples of dimension 10-mm radius and 2-mm thickness was randomly divided into two groups. The denture base resin was coated with C. albicans . The colonies present on the surface of each denture base resin were evaluated by serial dilution method. Group A was treated with commercially available denture cleanser and Group B was treated with extract of seaweed T. conoides . The colonies were then evaluated using serial dilution. Statistical Analysis Used: The colony count values obtained by serial dilution were tabulated. These values were statistically analysed using t -test. Results: Reduction of colony count is more in T. conoides than commercially available Fittydent; the difference was statistically significant with a mean difference of 65 at dilution 10 −2 and 29.25 at dilution 10 −3 using t -test with P < 0.001. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this in vitro study, it was proved that the extract of T. conoides seaweed and commercially available denture cleanser Fittydent was effective in reducing the colony count of C. albicans . T. conoides seaweed is statistically significant than commercially available Fittydent.

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BACKGROUNDPublic health surveillance is a continuous, systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health-related data needed for the planning, implementation and evaluation of public health practice. The major objective of the study is to analyse the rate of infections of the people in Mullanginavilai Panchayat during their behavioural risk factors like poor sanitation. MATERIALS AND METHODSA two-month descriptive study was carried out among the 50 residents in Mullanginavilai village in Karungal, Kanyakumari district, Tamilnadu, India. The Socioeconomic status (Age, Sex, Occupation, Income); Health status (Acute disease, Chronic disease); and Drainage facilities has been obtained. RESULTSThe socio-economic and health survey of the community showed that 28% of the population have no job at all and 24% among them are economically poor class. 24% of the respondents have chronic disease. Anaemia was highly prevalent and severe with 38% severe anaemia, was strongly concentrated in children and undergone treatment. Infection with malaria parasite was the next highly prevalent, which was about 16%. Other amoebic dysentery and skin infection is milder about 12%. In the community, 50% of the people had the habit of taking anti-helminthic drugs for every 6 months. Others were not particularly children. CONCLUSIONThe study showed significantly high level of contamination of soil and water due to parasites. This might be a reason for infections among the neighbouring community people.