Upper gastrointestinal tract disorders are one of the most commonly encountered problems in clinical practice. A variety of disorders can affect the upper GIT (gastro intestinal tract). The definitive diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal disorders rests on the histopathological confirmation and is one of the bases for planning proper treatment. Objectives: To determine the spectrum of histopathological lesions of upper gastrointestinal tract. To establish endoscopic biopsies as an effective tool in the proper diagnosis and management of various upper gastrointestinal tract lesions. Patients and Methods: A prospective study was conducted on the upper GIT endoscopic biopsies and the histopathological assessment was done at the department of pathology, M.S. Ramaiah medical college and teaching hospital from November 2006 to July 2008. Results: Of the total 25 cases of esophageal biopsies, 56% constituted non neoplastic lesions and 44% had neoplastic pathology. The most common malignancy was SCC (squamous cell carcinoma) occurred most commonly (73%) in the middle one third of the esophagus. In stomach biopsies, 41 (60%) had non neoplastic pathology and 27 patients (40%) had neoplastic pathology. The most common malignancy was adenocarcinoma. Conclusion: In our study, the commonest site for upper GI endoscopic biopsy was from the stomach (68%) with 60% non neoplastic and 40% neoplastic lesions. Most common neoplasm of the stomach was adenocarcinoma.. Out of the 100 cases, there was a consensus between endoscopic and histopathological diagnosis in 78% of the cases. Whenever there was a disagreement, the histopathological appearances served to correct a mistaken endoscopic finding. We therefore conclude that endoscopy is incomplete without biopsy and so the combination of methods provides a powerful diagnostic tool for better patient management

Abstract Background DEFINA (EPK 3000) plus (with i-scan) is a digital chromoendoscopy. It uses surface/tone/contrast enhancement for detection, demarcation, and characterization of lesions. The aim of this study was to compare the usefulness of i-scan and conventional magnification white light endoscopy (M-WLE) for diagnosing Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection in stomach. Patients and Methods Subjects undergoing evaluation for functional dyspepsia were prospectively enrolled at Ramaiah Medical College and Hospitals, Bangalore from November 2018 to February 2019. In total, 68 participants underwent gastroscopy with standard M-WLE followed by i-scan. Two biopsies from greater curve at 3 cm from the angulus were collected for histology. Successful diagnosis of Hp using imaging modality with M-WLE and i-scan were compared with histology. Results A total of 68 (36 men and 32 women) patients with a mean age of 47 ± 13 years (range 18–75 years) were enrolled in our study. The prevalence of Hp on the biopsies was 41%; 64% of the patients used proton pump inhibitors, 20% were current smokers; 25% of the patients were consuming alcohol. The sensitivity: 96.4%; specificity: 95%; accuracy: 95.5% of i-scan in diagnosis of Hp gastritis is better than the sensitivity: 50%; specificity: 50%; accuracy: 50% with M-WLE. Conclusion In conclusion, the diagnostic ability of i-scan (95%) for predicting Hp status is acceptable as compared with M-WLE (50%) for accurate diagnosis. The results suggest that i-scan improves endoscopic diagnostic accuracy of Hp infection compared with M-WLE.

Amyloidosis is a group of disease that is characterized by the deposition of extracellular abnormal proteinaceous material (amyloid), in various organs. Amyloidosis involving the liver is common, and the radiological findings are often nonspecific. We present the case of a 40-year-old female who presented with abdominal pain. Ultrasound abdomen was reported as massive hepatomegaly with diffuse liver parenchymal disease. Bone marrow aspiration showed normomegaloblastic erythroid hyperplasia and plasma cells were within normal limits (5%). Also, amorphous, eosinophilic fragmented to smudgy material within the interstitium of cell trails was seen. Bone marrow biopsy and liver biopsy also showed similar kind of homogenous eosinophilic material. Both liver biopsy and bone marrow biopsy were subjected to special stains which confirmed the presence of amyloid. The patient did not have clinical or laboratory findings suggestive of any other organ involvement. Thus, we conclude that clinical and imaging presentations of amyloidosis are often nonspecific, hence biopsy is always required to confirm the diagnosis. Amyloid deposits on bone marrow aspiration are a rare occurrence and are often missed. It is an unusual sighting with very few studies mentioning its occurrence.

Introduction: H. pylorus is found in half the population of the world. Worldwide, H. pylorus is by far the most common aetiological agent for non self-limiting gastritis. Socioeconomic conditions in childhood is identified as a major risk factor for infection. Many studies have been conducted to establish the association of alcohol consumption and H Pylori gastritis, however the results reported by these studies were inconsistent. Need of the present study is to assess the relation of alcohol consumption to H. pylori infection. Objective: To assess the proportion of H. pylori and atrophic gastritis in alcoholic patients with upper gastrointestinal symptoms. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted from October 2013 to June 2015 in the Department of Gastroenterology, M.S. Ramaiah Hospitals (M.S. Ramaiah Teaching Hospital and M.S. Ramaiah Memorial Hospital), Bangalore. 150 alcoholic patients were involved in the study. Age, sex, presenting complaints and detailed history regarding alcohol intake was taken. Rapid urease test was done for all the patients and a gastric biopsy sample was obtained from the antrum of the stomach and sent to the pathology department. Sections made from the gastric biopsy sample were stained with H and E and Giemsa stain. Sections were then evaluated for the presence of H. pylori. Results: In the 150 alcoholic patients included in the study, prevalence of H. pylori was 76%. The age and the gender did not play a role in the H. pylori infection. It was observed in the study that the prevalence of H. pylori infection increased with the increase in frequency, duration, amount of alcohol intake with a statistically significant p value. It was found that the consumption of spirit was associated more with H. pylori positivity than beer intake. Conclusion: The prevalence of H. pylori infection increases with the increase in frequency, duration and quantity of alcohol intake. The type of alcohol consumed also plays a role in H. pylori infections.

The clinical details including presentation, age, sex and radiological findings and gross morphological findings were obtained from the patient's case files. The haematoxylin and eosin stained tissue sections were retrieved from the archives and were examined for the various epithelial (primitive glomeruli, primitive ducts and tubular cysts) and mesenchymal (primitive mesenchymal/fibromuscular collarets, metaplastic cartilage, thick walled blood vessels and abundant nerve bundles) microscopic morphological features. On macroscopic morphology RD was classified as: cystic/ multicystic, hypodysplastic, segmental and obstructive.