Introduction: The lesions of urinary bladder both non-neoplastic and neoplastic pose a common source of both morbidity and mortality. An accurate diagnosis of these lesions requires cystoscopy which allows a direct visualization of the bladder mucosa and biopsies of suspected lesions. Urinary bladder cancer is sixth most common cancer worldwide and represents a heterogeneous group of neoplasms. The current study aimed to study the different bladder lesions and its clinical features to detect it in early stage and as a mainstay option in the diagnosis and follow up.  Materials and methods: This was a retrospective analysis of biopsies of urinary bladder submitted to the department of pathology over a period of 12 months. The study was approved by the institutional review board of the Universal College of Medical Sciences (UCMS-TH). All the urinary bladder biopsies received in the department were included in the study whereas autolysis of specimen and inadequate biopsies were excluded.  Results: Among the 36 cases of urinary bladder lesions, the majority (35.36%) were in age group 61-70 years (22.33%). The patients had combination of lower urinary tract symptoms, the commonest being hematuria. 30.55%  had non-neoplastic lesions and 69.55% had neoplastic lesion. Among non- neoplastic cases, 5.55% had chronic granulomatous inflammation. Most common neoplastic lesions was infiltrating urothelial carcinoma (n=6) followed by non- invasive urothelial neoplasia (n=5).  Conclusion: A variety of lesions occur in urinary bladder and is commonly encountered by pathologist. Hematuria was commonest symptom and the clinicians investigated these patients further, which led to discovery of the urothelial tumors. Identification of these patients has an important impact on prognosis as well as on therapeutic approach.

calculated using chi-square test and p-value was. Value of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Of the total of 800 cholecystectomy specimens it included 95 males and 705 females. Most of the cases were of age group 31-40 years. Majority of the malignant cases occurred in the 8 th decade. Most common diagnosis was chronic cholecystitis and more common in females. Multigravida females were more prone to develop gall bladder diseases. The commonest presenting complaints were right hypochondrial pain in 460 (92%), followed by nausea in 15 (3%), epigastric pain in 13 (2.6%), vomiting in 10 (2%), jaundice in 2(0.4%). Conclusion: Study of the clinico-pathological spectrum of gallstone diseases in this region would help in understanding the disease and its complications. Gall bladder diseases are more common in females. Multiparty and mixed diet are important risk factors. Majority of the cases are benign lesions. It is also recommended that each and every specimen of gallbladder be subjected to histopathological examination.

INTRODUCTION Determination of ABO and Rh blood group types are clinically important for various purposes including blood transfusion. There is a wide regional, racial, and ethnic variability among these blood groups. We aim to determine the ABO and Rh blood group patterns in patients attending a tertiary care center of Western Nepal. MATERIAL AND METHODS This hospital-based cross-sectional study involved 600 patients visiting Universal College of Medical Sciences (UCMS), Bhairahawa undergoing blood group determination. The study was conducted for six months from 1st January to 30th June 2017. Ethical clearance for the study was taken prior to the study. Written and verbal consent were taken from each participant before the study. Blood group was determined using open slide test method and reverse grouping was performed via tube method. Finally, Rh-DU test was performed in Rh-negative samples to test for weak D antigen. RESULTS Among the ABO blood group, most common blood group was O (34.2%) followed by B (29.2%) and A (25.3%). Sub-group analysis showed only one A2 sub-group, the remaining being A1. Majority of the patients were Rh positive (95.8%). All the Rh negative patients tested negative for Du as well. The overall distribution pattern of combined ABO-Rh blood group was O+ > B+ > A+ > AB+ > O-> A- =B- > AB-. CONCLUSION In the current study, O positive was the most common blood group in Western Nepal followed by B positive, and A positive respectively. AB-negative was the rarest blood group. The study can provide insight for future hematological studies.

Introduction: FNAC of breast lesions helps in the investigation of diseases and avoids unnecessary surgery in specific benign conditions. It is a rapid and accurate diagnostic technique.FNAC plays a major role as an important pre-operative analysis, clinical correlation and radiological investigations which are referred to as the "Triple test. Breast carcinoma is one of the most common malignant tumour in females and leading cause of death in women. Material and Methods: A prospective study on breast aspirates was done over a 2 year period from January 2016to December 2017. All the patients presenting with breast lesions to the Surgery OPD were subjected to an FNAC procedure after a detailed history, general physical and local examination.The slides were stained by Papanicolau's technique. May-Grunwald-Giemsa and Leishman-Giemsa techniques. All the lesions were categorized into 5 cytological categories. Results: A total of 400 cases were included. There were 388 female and 12 male patients. Patients ranged from 14 to 80 years with majority between 21-40 years.The upper outer quadrant was the commonest site affected with majority affecting the right breast. In 29 cases, bilateral lesions were observed.The commonest presenting symptom was a mass in the breast. Conclusion: FNAC is an accurate and reliable preoperative diagnostic tool for breast lesions. It is a patient friendly, easy, repeatable, quick, safe and simple diagnostic test. FNAC has a high diagnostic accuracy rates. Aspiration cytology differentiates between benign and malignant condition preoperatively, so reduce patient's anxiety and also helps the surgeon in planning surgery.