Background Perfume is basically a cosmetic product applied to human body for an amusing scent or the feeling of freshness. A certain amount of perfume penetrates and remains attached to the protein of the skin when perfume is applied on the body. It evokes a surge of events in human immune system which results with allergic symptoms. Fragrance ingredients are leading cause that can be responsible for the occurrence of allergic contact dermatitis that is recently studied under cosmetic adverse reaction. Aim The aim of this review article was to define the allergies that are caused by fragrance ingredients. This review highlights the various aspects of perfume with respect to its manufacturing process, compositions, and fragrance ingredients identified as allergens and its present regulatory status. Method There area 175 frangrance ingredients that are used in perfumes cause allergic reaction. Several studies were conducted on the patients. The study was conducted on four fragrance markers in the baseline series: fragrance mix I (FM I), Myroxylon pereirae, fragrance mix II (FM II), and hydroxyisohexyl 3‐cyclohexene carboxaldehyde. Result Around 658 patients showed allergy due to fragrance ingredients when the patch test was performed. In other study, out of 1253 patients, 90% of the FM I and M. pereirae detected 90% of the cases. Conclusion Majority of the fragrance ingredients can cause allergic reactions and hence act as allergens and thus increase the risk of sensitization on activation. If any individual suffers from allergy or contact dermatitis on use of any perfume, he/she should be aware of it and should reduce or avoid its use to overcome such problems of hypersensitivity.

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Post-partum uterine inflammation in dairy bovines impairs the reproductive process  resulting in extended anestrus, reduced conception and increased pregnancy attrition.  Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are a set of molecular motifs that  are present on the surface of various classes of microbes. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides  (LPSs) are an endotoxin found in the cell membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, are  considered as a prototypical class of PAMPs. Among PAMPs, LPS is the most potent  one present on the surface of E. coli associated with endometritis and inflammation of  the uterus. When ovarian follicular cells are exposed to LPS, toll-like receptor (TLR)  and cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) will be expressed, activating to culminate in  the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-1β, IL-18 and TNF which  reacts directly to bacterial products and impairing reproductive functions. Although,  both theca interna and granulosa cells are capable of responding to inflammatory  mediators and altering some functions of the oocytes may result in failure of the oocyte  to become fully competent, even if the insult occurs well before ovulation. Several  studies have been focused on the effect of LPS on the reproductive performance of dairy  animals but the effect of LPS on oocytes during maturation and their development is  yet to be defined well. Therefore, the present review emphasized on the effect of LPS  on important female reproductive functions and possible mechanism of bacterial  endotoxin LPS action on the embryonic development through various pathways.