No abstract

No abstract

Objectives: An abnormal ossification process in soft tissues at the attachment site to a bone is called enthesopathy due to biomechanical movements of bone. The present study aimed to observe the calcification of the transverse scapular ligament (TSL) with complete or partial ossification, the presence of the triangular bony growth at the lateral border of scapula and to observe vascular foramen/foramina piercing at the bases of the spine of scapulae. Methods: An observational study was conducted on dried human scapulae 140 in number (70 right and 70 left) of unknown sex and age, procured from the Department of Anatomy, People’s College of Medical Science and Research Center, Bhopal, and Government Doon Medical College, Dehradun, India. These scapulae were studied to observe enthesopathic changes in them. Measurements were taken with Vernier calipers. Results: In the present study, we observed the presence of completely ossified TSL with formation of complete suprascapular foramina in 8.57% scapulae. The incidence of triangular bony growth at the lateral border of scapula was found in 40% scapulae of the right side and 32.85% of the left. The incidence of vascular foramina piercing at the bases of the spine of scapulae was 17.14% on the right side and 21.42% on the left side scapulae. Conclusion: The study provides the descriptive knowledge of enthesopathy in scapulae. The study is of great significance for neurosurgeons and orthosurgeons to carry out various reconstructive surgeries.

No abstract

Introduction: Stress is a normal response of an organism to any threat which can be physical, emotional or psychological. Positive stress is called eustress whereas negative stress is distress. Neuronal plasticity is a term which indicates the changes in brain. There can be structural and functional neuroplasticity. Aim: To study the neuronal plasticity (dendritic branching pattern and their lengths) of pyramidal neurons in Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) of female wistar rats after immobilised stress. Materials and Methods: It was an experimental study conducted in Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal from May 2021 to July 2022. Based on the age, 24 female rats were divided into three groups, group A>12 weeks, group B 8 to 12 weeks and group C 3 to 7 weeks. Each group contained eight rats, of which four were control and four were experimental. Experimental rats underwent immobilised stress. After stress protocol, rats were sacrificed and PFC was taken out and stained. The images of neurons were taken by confocal microscope. The neuronal reconstruction was done using IMARIS software for dendritic lengths. The parameters in apical dendrite category-length of principal dendrite, branch points and lengths of different branches were compared between control and stressed groups. In basal dendrite category-number of basal dendrites, lengths of different basal dendrites and branch points were compared between control and stressed groups using unpaired t-test. The data was analysed with Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. Results: It was observed that there was a statistically significant increase in all basal dendrite parameters in experimental category as compared with controls in group A with p-value<0.001, and in group B, significant increase in branch points with a p-value<0.001 in experimental category, and significant increase in branch length of basal dendrites in group C of experimental rats with p-value<0.001. The parameters related to apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons also showed significant shrinkage in experimental rats as compared to control groups. Especially in group C all the apical dendrite parameters were significantly decreased compared with control group (p-values 0.013, 0.001 and 0.006 for principal dendrite’s length, branch points and branch lengths, respectively). Conclusion: Stress induces neuronal plasticity in pyramidal neurons of PFC of rats. Findings of this study suggest stress induces significant increase in the basal dendrite parameters of pyramidal neurons of PFC of all age group of rats, especially in the rats of more than 12 weeks age and significant shrinkage of apical dendrites was seen in all age group of rats and more so in the rats between 3 to 7 weeks of age.